Prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with type 1 diabetes: a long-term follow-up study

Abstract

PurposeType 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with autoimmune diseases such as thyroiditis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with type 1 DM.MethodsA total of 102 patients who were diagnosed and followed up (mean age, 8.1±4.0 years) in Ajou University Hospital were enrolled in this study. All the patients were evaluated for beta cell autoimmunity, including insulin autoantibody, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), and islet cell antibody. Moreover, autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin were assessed at initial diagnosis and annually thereafter.ResultsThe mean patient age (49 men and 53 women) was 19.2±4.8 years. The prevalence of at least one thyroid antibody was 30.4%. Patients with thyroid anti­bodies had a significantly higher frequency of GADA at the time of the diagnosis. Autoimmune thyroiditis was more prevalent in the older age group. GADA was a significant risk factor for development of thyroid autoantibodies after diagnosis of type 1 DM (odds ratio, 4.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.399–14.153).ConclusionsIn patients with type 1 DM, the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis was higher than in the general population. Moreover, GADA positivity at diagnosis was associated with thyroid autoimmunity.

Childhood thyroid autoimmunity and relation to islet autoantibodies in children at risk for type 1 diabetes in the diabetes prediction in skåne (DiPiS) study

“…In our study, we were able to show that the association with islet autoantibodies differed between the two thyroid autoantibodies as well as gender. We could confirm the previously described association between TPOAb and GADA in children and adults screened for autoimmunity [34], children and adolescents diagnosed with AITD [35] as well as in patients with type 1 diabetes [10,36,37] and GD [38]. GADA in patients with AITD might not only indicate increased risk for type 1 diabetes, but also be a biomarker that reflects other endocrine autoimmunity like thyroid autoimmunity as GADA has been found associated to thyroid disease in patients with type 2 diabetes [39].…”

Is there a relationship between the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease and diabetic kidney disease?

“…ATA appears within 2.5–3 years of disease progression [ 20 ]. Studies assessing the presence of ATA in patients with DM1 differ significantly regarding the incidence of AITD, as presented in Table 4 [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

“…Multiple studies have shown that age, female gender, disease duration, and the presence of beta-cell autoimmunity are risk factors for developing AITD in patients with DM1. In studies by Hwang et al and Jin et al, the presence of antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADAs) at the time of DM1 diagnosis was a significant predictor of AITD development [ 24 , 25 ]. However, the exact mechanism by which GADA influences thyroid autoimmunity is unclear.…”

A pathway level analysis of PFAS exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus

“…Therefore, markers of AITDs can also be considered as biomarkers for thyroid function. The presence of autoantibodies, namely thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), have been measured in individuals who develop autoimmunity [ 21 ]. TPOAb targets the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) enzyme, which is responsible for adding iodine to thyroglobulin (Tg), the precursor of T3 and T4 [ 13 , 22 ] and TgAb targets Tg [ 22 ].…”