Prevalence of Asymptomatic and/or Low-Density Malaria Infection among High-Risk Groups in Peninsular Malaysia

Noordin, Naqib Rafieqin; Lee, Phone Youth; Bukhari, Fatma Diyana Mohd; Fong, Mun Yik; Hamid, Mohd Hafizi Abdul; Jelip, Jenarun; Mudin, Rose Nani; Lau, Yee Ling

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0268

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Only 7.07% of the studies used sympatric species-specific primers of P . ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri [ 9 , 10 , 21 , 32 – 36 ] . The target genes for the PCR assay were mainly 18S rRNA (83.19%), cytochrome b (9.73%) and plasmepsin 4 (1.17%) genes [ 33 , 37 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global trend of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. malaria infections in the last two decades (2000–2020): a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021

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Background Recent studies indicate that the prevalence of non-falciparum malaria, including Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp., is increasing, with some complications in infected individuals. The aim of this review is to provide a better understanding of the malaria prevalence and disease burden due to P. malariae and P. ovale spp. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence study assessment tool were used to select and evaluate the studies, respectively. Six databases: PubMed, WHOLIS, Wiley Library, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Google Scholar were used to screen articles published during the period January 2000–December 2020. The pooled prevalence estimates for P. malariae and P. ovale spp. were analysed using a random-effects model and the possible sources of heterogeneity were evaluated through subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results Out of the 3297 studies screened, only 113 studies were included; among which 51.33% were from the African Region. The P. malariae and P. ovale spp. pooled prevalence were 2.01% (95% CI 1.31–2.85%) and 0.77% (95% CI 0.50–1.10%) respectively, with the highest prevalence in the African Region. P. malariae was equally distributed among adults (2.13%), children (2.90%) and pregnant women (2.77%) (p = 0.862), whereas P. ovale spp. was more prevalent in pregnant women (2.90%) than in children ≤ 15 years (0.97%) and in patients > 15 years old (0.39%) (p = 0.021). In this review, data analysis revealed that P. malariae and P. ovale spp. have decreased in the last 20 years, but not significantly, and these species were more commonly present with other Plasmodium species as co-infections. No difference in prevalence between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was observed for either P. malariae or P. ovale spp. Conclusion Our analysis suggests that knowledge of the worldwide burden of P. malariae and P. ovale spp. is very important for malaria elimination programmes and a particular focus towards improved tools for monitoring transmission for these non-falciparum species should be stressed upon to deal with increased infections in the future. Graphic Abstract

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…P. malaria and P. ovale spp. are often misidentified as P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively, which complicates the routine diagnosis [ 8 , 57 ] and further leads to asymptomatic disease reservoirs [ 36 ] which could jeopardize malaria elimination programmes and therefore merits more attention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global trend of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. malaria infections in the last two decades (2000–2020): a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021

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“…Clinical complications have the potential to become exacerbated quickly given this species' unique 24-h replication cycle within the erythrocyte host cell [ 1 , 5 , 22 – 24 ]. Asymptomatic P. knowlesi infections are also common [ 25 – 29 ], including a high percentage in children [ 12 ]. Clinically, thrombocytopenia has been reported as a universal problem with P. knowlesi infections (< 150,000 platelets/ml), with about 1/3 of adult patients showing severe thrombocytopenia (< 50,000 platelets/ml) [reviewed in 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi

Peterson

Joyner

Brady

et al. 2021

Malar J

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Background Kra monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a natural host of Plasmodium knowlesi, control parasitaemia caused by this parasite species and escape death without treatment. Knowledge of the disease progression and resilience in kra monkeys will aid the effective use of this species to study mechanisms of resilience to malaria. This longitudinal study aimed to define clinical, physiological and pathological changes in kra monkeys infected with P. knowlesi, which could explain their resilient phenotype. Methods Kra monkeys (n = 15, male, young adults) were infected intravenously with cryopreserved P. knowlesi sporozoites and the resulting parasitaemias were monitored daily. Complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, blood chemistry and physiological telemetry data (n = 7) were acquired as described prior to infection to establish baseline values and then daily after inoculation for up to 50 days. Bone marrow aspirates, plasma samples, and 22 tissue samples were collected at specific time points to evaluate longitudinal clinical, physiological and pathological effects of P. knowlesi infections during acute and chronic infections. Results As expected, the kra monkeys controlled acute infections and remained with low-level, persistent parasitaemias without anti-malarial intervention. Unexpectedly, early in the infection, fevers developed, which ultimately returned to baseline, as well as mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, and moderate to severe anaemia. Mathematical modelling and the reticulocyte production index indicated that the anaemia was largely due to the removal of uninfected erythrocytes and not impaired production of erythrocytes. Mild tissue damage was observed, and tissue parasite load was associated with tissue damage even though parasite accumulation in the tissues was generally low. Conclusions Kra monkeys experimentally infected with P. knowlesi sporozoites presented with multiple clinical signs of malaria that varied in severity among individuals. Overall, the animals shared common mechanisms of resilience characterized by controlling parasitaemia 3–5 days after patency, and controlling fever, coupled with physiological and bone marrow responses to compensate for anaemia. Together, these responses likely minimized tissue damage while supporting the establishment of chronic infections, which may be important for transmission in natural endemic settings. These results provide new foundational insights into malaria pathogenesis and resilience in kra monkeys, which may improve understanding of human infections.

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“… PCR 1.4% (8/559) of malaria positives; 2 mono infections Mehlotra et al 2019 [ 91 ] Malawi P. ovale curtisi PCR 2 isolates Oguike and Sutherland 2015 [ 181 ] P. ovale wallikeri PCR 2 isolates Oguike and Sutherland 2015 [ 181 ] Malaysia P. ovale sp. ( P. ovale curtisi ) PCR 0.17% (1/585) asymptomatic; 5.3% (1/19) of malaria positives; primers rOVA1/rOVA2 Noordin et al 2020 [ 191 ] P. ovale curtisi Sequence Pahang; GenBank: MK351321 unpublished – P. ovale sp. PCR 0.4% (2/457) malaria positives Yusof et al 2014 [ 192 ] Mali P. ovale wallikeri Sequence GenBank: e.g.…”

Section: Plasmodium Ovale Curtisi and Plasmodium O...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The primate malaria parasites Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium ovale spp.: genomic insights into distribution, dispersal and host transitions

Fuehrer

Campino

Sutherland

2022

Malar J

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During the twentieth century, there was an explosion in understanding of the malaria parasites infecting humans and wild primates. This was built on three main data sources: from detailed descriptive morphology, from observational histories of induced infections in captive primates, syphilis patients, prison inmates and volunteers, and from clinical and epidemiological studies in the field. All three were wholly dependent on parasitological information from blood-film microscopy, and The Primate Malarias” by Coatney and colleagues (1971) provides an overview of this knowledge available at that time. Here, 50 years on, a perspective from the third decade of the twenty-first century is presented on two pairs of primate malaria parasite species. Included is a near-exhaustive summary of the recent and current geographical distribution for each of these four species, and of the underlying molecular and genomic evidence for each. The important role of host transitions in the radiation of Plasmodium spp. is discussed, as are any implications for the desired elimination of all malaria species in human populations. Two important questions are posed, requiring further work on these often ignored taxa. Is Plasmodium brasilianum, circulating among wild simian hosts in the Americas, a distinct species from Plasmodium malariae? Can new insights into the genomic differences between Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri be linked to any important differences in parasite morphology, cell biology or clinical and epidemiological features?

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Prevalence of Asymptomatic and/or Low-Density Malaria Infection among High-Risk Groups in Peninsular Malaysia

Cited by 19 publications

References 19 publications

Global trend of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. malaria infections in the last two decades (2000–2020): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Global trend of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. malaria infections in the last two decades (2000–2020): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi

The primate malaria parasites Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium ovale spp.: genomic insights into distribution, dispersal and host transitions

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