Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies

Santabárbara, Javier; Lasheras, Isabel; Lipnicki, Darren M.; Bueno-Notivol, Juan; Pérez-Moreno, María Antonia; López-Antón, Raúl; Cámara, Concepción de la; Lobò, Antonio; Gracia-García, Patricia

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207

Cited by 282 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…The first systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted with 17 articles, revealed a high prevalence of stress (29.6%), anxiety (31.9%), and depression (33.7%) in the general population [ 10 ]. More recent meta-analyses reported a prevalence rate of 25% of anxiety [ 11 ] and depression [ 12 ]. The prevalence of depression increased during the pandemic as much as sevenfold [ 12 ], stressing the impact of COVID-19 on mental health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress as a Function of Age and Gender in a Spanish Sample

Jiménez

Rieker

Avilés

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered the daily lives of the population with dramatic effects caused not only by the health risks of the coronavirus, but also by its psychological and social impact in large sectors of the worldwide population. The present study adapted the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) to the Spanish population, and 1094 Spanish adults (mean age 52.55 years, 241 males) completed the Spanish version in a cross-sectional online survey. To analyze the factorial structure and reliability of the CPDI, we performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the Spanish sample. The effects of gender and age on the degree of distress were analyzed using the factorial scores of the CPDI as the dependent variables. Results showed that, after rotation, the first factor (Stress symptoms) accounted for 35% of the total variance and the second factor (COVID-19 information) for 15%. Around 25% (n = 279) of the participants experienced mild to moderate distress symptoms, 16% (n = 179) severe distress, and about 58% (n = 636) showed no distress symptoms. Women experienced more distress than men (p<0.01), and distress decreased with age (p<0.01). We conclude that the CPDI seems a promising screening tool for the rapid detection of potential peritraumatic stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress as a Function of Age and Gender in a Spanish Sample

Jiménez

Rieker

Avilés

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…A meta-analysis of 12 studies undertaken during the pandemic reported a pooled prevalence of depression of 25%—a seven-fold increase on the estimated global prevalence of depression in 2017 (3.44%) [ 13 ]. Similarly, meta-analytic evidence yielded an estimated prevalence of clinical anxiety during the pandemic of 25%, which is triple the global prevalence of anxiety disorders prior to the pandemic [ 14 ]. One interpretation of these statistics is that they highlight the malleability of mental health and illness to environmental or situational factors [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Lay Beliefs about the Cause and Course of Mental Illness?

O’Connor

2021

IJERPH

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COVID-19 and its countermeasures have negatively impacted the mental health of populations worldwide. The current paper considers whether the rising incidence of psychiatric symptoms during the pandemic may affect lay beliefs about the cause and course of mental illness. Laypeople’s causal attributions and expectations regarding the trajectory of mental illness have important implications for societal stigma and therapeutic orientations. Two online experimental studies investigated whether reading about fictional cases of mental illness that were explicitly situated during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with reading about the same cases without any pandemic-related contextualisation, affected attributions and expectations about Generalised Anxiety Disorder (Study 1) and Major Depressive Disorder (Study 2). Study 1 (n = 137) results showed that highlighting the onset of anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic weakened attributions to biological causes and reduced the anticipated duration of symptoms. However, Study 2 (n = 129) revealed no effects of COVID-19 contextualisation on beliefs about the cause or course of depression. The research provides preliminary evidence that the increased incidence of mental illness during the pandemic may reshape public beliefs about certain mental illnesses. Given the importance of public understandings for the lived experience of mentally unwell persons in society, further evidence of the range and extent of the pandemic’s effects on lay beliefs is important to inform clinical, public health and stigma-reduction initiatives.

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“…The PHQ-9 (range, 0-27) was used to assess depression symptoms with the total scores categorized as follows: controls (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), and severe (15-27) (35). The GAD-7 (range, 0-21) was used to assess anxiety symptoms with the total scores categorized as follows: controls (0-4), mild (5)(6)(7)(8)(9), moderate (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), and severe (15-21) (36). The IES-R (range, 0-88) was used to assess subjective distress (excessive panic and anxiety) caused by traumatic events including traumarelated distressing memories and persistent negative emotions resulting from the pandemic, which is composed of three subscales to measure the avoidance, intrusion, and hyper-arousal.…”

Section: Assessment Of Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many reports of increased prevalence and severity of mental health problems including those of depression, anxiety, and distress during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in the general population, medical health care workers (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9), and persons with chronic diseases (10,11). Several studies reported that cancer patients experienced mental health problems or worse healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL) (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21), which were associated with delay in cancer care or reduced therapy intensity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Health in Persons With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: The Need for Increased Access to Health Care Services

et al. 2021

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Mental health problems in the general population have been reported during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; however, there were rare data in persons with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Therefore, we performed a cross-sectional study on mental health evaluated using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; depression), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7; anxiety), and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale—Revised (IES-R; distress), including subscales of avoidance, intrusion, and hyper-arousal in persons with CML, non-cancer persons, and immediate family members of persons with cancer as controls (≥16 years) by an online survey. Data from 3,197 persons with CML and 7,256 controls were collected. In multivariate analyses, CML was significantly associated with moderate to severe depression (OR = 1.6; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.4, 1.9; p < 0.001), anxiety (OR = 1.4 [1.1, 1.7]; p = 0.001), distress (OR = 1.3 [1.1, 1.5]; p < 0.001), and hyper-arousal (OR = 1.5 [1.3, 1.6]; p < 0.001). Moreover, delay in regular monitoring was significantly associated with depression (OR 1.3 [1.0, 1.7]; p = 0.024), anxiety (OR = 1.3 [1.0, 1.8]; p = 0.044), avoidance (OR = 1.2 [1.0, 1.4]; p = 0.017), and intrusion (OR = 1.2 [1.0, 1.4]; p = 0.057); tyrosine kinase-inhibitor dose reduction or discontinuation, depression (OR = 1.9 [1.3, 2.8]; p = 0.001), distress (OR = 2.0 [1.4, 2.8]; p < 0.001), avoidance (OR = 1.6 [1.2, 2.1]; p = 0.004), intrusion (OR = 1.6 [1.1, 2.1]; p = 0.006), and hyper-arousal (OR = 1.3 [1.0, 1.8]; p = 0.088). We concluded that persons with CML during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have worse mental health including depression, anxiety, and distress symptoms. Decreasing or stopping monitoring or dose resulted in adverse mental health consequences.

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Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies

Cited by 282 publications

References 92 publications

COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress as a Function of Age and Gender in a Spanish Sample

COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress as a Function of Age and Gender in a Spanish Sample

Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Lay Beliefs about the Cause and Course of Mental Illness?

Mental Health in Persons With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: The Need for Increased Access to Health Care Services

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