Prevalence of anxiety and depression among the healthcare workers in Nepal during the COVID-19 pandemic

Gupta, Anoop; Mehra, Aseem; Niraula, Abhash; Kafle, Khagendra; Deo, Saroj Prasad; Singh, Babita; Sahoo, Swapnajeet; Grover, Sandeep

doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102260

Cited by 97 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…An online survey in Nepal among healthcare workers involved in the pandemic revealed high levels of anxiety in almost 40% and depression in the 8% of the participants [21]. These healthcare workers were predominantly younger (mean age 29.5), close in age to the medical students.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, it indicates that the medical students experience an increase in mental burden in the context of the covid-19 pandemic. The above-mentioned national [21,22,24] and international [15,25] studies also used online surveys; previous research has demonstrated that online surveys function as well as paper-and-pencil surveys [39]. In addition; online studies are safer for all parties during a pandemic.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strategy was later changed to a partial lockdown or shutdown in affected districts or municipalities [20]. In Nepal, a few studies indicate psychological consequences of the lockdown [21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Medical Students in Nepal

Risal

Shikhrakar

Mishra

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Medical students’ psychological response to societal lockdown during the covid-19 pandemic has not been studied much. Our aim was to assess levels of anxiety and depression among medical students during the initial stages of the pandemic in Nepal and relate their distress to psychosocial and other relevant situational variables.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study with an online questionnaire was conducted among medical students at different colleges in Nepal. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) detected manifestations of anxiety and depression. The covariates were explored by logistic regression analyses.Results: A total 416 medical students [mean age: 22.2 (2.1); males 57.7%, females 42.3%] participated. HADS-anxiety scores [mean: 7.1(4.3)] were significantly and positively correlated with HADS-depression [mean: 5.9 (4.1)] (r=0.695; p<0.001). Point prevalence of total HADS caseness (HADS-T) was 26.7%. Specific HADS-defined caseness were: anxiety (HADS-A) 11.8%, depression (HADS-D) 5.5%, and comorbid anxiety and depression (HADS-cAD) 9.4%. All four types of caseness were significantly more prevalent among students with a history of mental problems (AOR=4.7, 3.2, 2.6, and 3.2 respectively). HADS-T was higher among those with a concurrent physical illness (AOR=2.4). HADS-T, HADS-A and HADS-D scores were higher among the age group >22 years (AOR= 2.2, 2.5 and 4.4 respectively). HADS-cAD was almost three-times higher among those with a possible COVID-19 exposure (AOR=2.8).Conclusion: A significant number of medical students in Nepal suffered from high levels of anxiety and depression during the covid-19 shut-down. The students in the higher (>22 years) age group, those with past mental disorders, a possible covid-19 exposure, and a concurrent physical illness showed elevated levels of anxiety and/or depression.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Medical Students in Nepal

Risal

Shikhrakar

Mishra

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…In the study of Lai et al (2020) on the healthcare workers who were involved in providing care for COVID-19 patients in China, 50.4% of them had symptoms of depression, 44.6% anxiety, 34% insomnia, and 71.5% distress (4). The study of Gupta et al (2020) in…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress, Anxiety, Depression among Nurses Caring for COVID-19 Patients in Babol, Iran: A logestic Regression

Aziznejadroshan

Qalehsari

Zavardehi

2020

Preprint

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Introduction: Nurses who are involved in the caring of COVID-19 patients, are at risk of mental distress. The present study was conducted with the purpose of demonstrating the relationship between stress, anxiety, depression and characteristics of nurses who provide care to COVID-19 patients.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using the census method from May to June, 2020 on 224 clinical nurses who were working in hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences and were involved in caring for COVID-19 patients. The data collection instruments included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 items (DASS-21) and the individual characteristic questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were computed to identify the associated factors. Result: The mean and the standard deviation for stress, anxiety and depression scores were 9.47±7.30, 9.29±7.51 and 8.84±7.22 respectively. 17.4% had stress, 54% had anxiety and 43% had a degree of depression. There were significant relationships between the nurses’ stress level and characteristics including age (OR =3.009, 95%CI 1.46–6.16, P=0.003), having children (OR=0.26, 95%CI 0.11-0.63, P=0.003), work experience(OR=4.50, 95% CI 2.17-9.96, P=0.000) and employment status(OR=0.39, 95% CI 0.16-0.95, P=0.04). Moreover, along with these characteristics, job satisfaction (OR =3.03, 95%CI 5.64–1.63, P=0.000), level of physical activities (OR =0.26, 95%CI 0.08–0.82, P=0.02), exercising (OR =2.27, 95%CI 1.31-3.90, P=0.003) and violence in the workplace (OR =0.27, 95%CI 0.12– 0.56, P=0.001) also had significant relationships with the nurses’ anxiety level. Furthermore, the relationships between the nurses’ level of depression and characteristics including age(OR =2.07, 95%CI 1.15 – 3.72, P=0.014), work experience (OR =21.79, 95%CI 1.04 – 3.10, P=0.03), job satisfaction (OR=3.03, 95%CI 1.63–5.64, P=0.000), exercising (OR =1.76, 95%CI 1.02–3.04, P=0.04), having chronic diseases (OR =0.35, 95%CI 0.15–0.81, P=0.014), violence in the workplace (OR =0.39, 95%CI 0.20–0.75, P=0.005) and sleep (OR =1.77, 95%CI 1.00–3.16, P=0.050) were significant.Conclusion: The authorities should consider a number of the individual characteristics of nurses including age, work experience, gender, marital status, having children, job satisfaction, sleep, violence in the workplace and history of chronic disease in their planning and provide psychological support for them.

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“…13 Another Nepalese study in healthcare workers found depression and anxiety to be 8% and 38% respectively. 14 In this background, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of lockdown on the emotions, behaviour, leisure activities and relationship on people in Nepal, facing the pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psycho-behavioural impact of ‘Lockdown’ due to COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal: An Online Survey

Gupta¹,

Mehra

Sahoo

et al. 2020

J Psychiatr Assoc Nepal

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Introduction: Nepal entered into a lockdown mode since 24th March 2020 to control the spread of COVID-19 infection. Our aim was to evaluate the mental and behavioural impact of lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic on the general public of Nepal in terms of the point prevalence of sadness, anxiety, feelings and relationship issues due to lockdown. Material And Method: It was a web-based cross-sectional survey conducted by using the Survey Monkey platform during 8th April 2020 and 29th April 2020. The link generated was circulated on Whatsapp platforms. Self-designed clinical profile was made to assess different feelings, leisure activities and relationship changes with family members that are not assessed using scale. The survey link was circulated starting from 8th April 2020 and was closed on 29th April 2020. Results: Of the 142 participants about 35.9% reported being sad, 28.2% had anxiety and about 46.5% of the participants felt lonely. Fear of death (60.6%) and getting infected with corona (52.1%) were the most common stress. Most of them were involved in sexual activities (67.6%) and reading books (42.3%) during lockdown. Some (14.8% and 18.3%) reported marked improvement in relationships with parents and children respectively. Conclusion: The present survey suggests that substantial proportion of the population do not report change in relationship despite reporting sadness, loneliness and change in daily activities. Therefore, social relationship and brotherhood need to be advised in addition to minimising emotional distancing during awareness programs related to COVID-19.

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Prevalence of anxiety and depression among the healthcare workers in Nepal during the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 97 publications

References 14 publications

Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Medical Students in Nepal

Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Medical Students in Nepal

Stress, Anxiety, Depression among Nurses Caring for COVID-19 Patients in Babol, Iran: A logestic Regression

Psycho-behavioural impact of ‘Lockdown’ due to COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal: An Online Survey

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