Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance inHaemophilus influenzae in Greece, Israel, Lebanon and Morocco

Ntiege

et al. 2009

J Health Popul Nutr

The study was aimed at determining bacterial agents of the upper respiratory tract and the susceptibility patterns of isolates to antibiotics. In total, 200 throat swabs were obtained from students attending different boarding schools within the Buea Municipality and screened to obtain the prevalence of respiratory pathogens and to understand the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates using standard microbiological procedure and the disc-diffusion test. Of the 200 samples screened, 112 (56%) had positive cultures with the dominant bacterial pathogens being Haemophilus influenzae (20%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (15%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11%), and Staphylococcus aureus (10%). Although 56% of the isolates were recovered from females compared to 44% from males, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Sixty-seven percent of the pathogens were isolated from the age-group of 10-13 years, 19.6% from the age-group of 14-17 years, and 12.5% from the age-group of 18-21 years. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that gentamicin (92%) and cefuroxime (88.4%) were the most effective antibiotics against the isolates. Generally, susceptibility ranged from 0% to 92% depending on the antibiotic and the species of microorganism. Penicillin had the highest (100%) resistance to all the isolates. The findings revealed that students living in boarding schools in the Buea Municipality were at risk of acquiring upper respiratory tract infections from their peers since the upper respiratory tract of more than 50% of the students was colonized with respiratory pathogens. Although multidrug-resistant strains of organisms were identified, gentamicin and cefuroxime are recommended as the first-line antibiotics of choice against the pathogens. There is, therefore, a need for surveillance of nasopharyngeal carriage of resistant strains of these organisms, especially H. influenzae in unhealthy school children since the vaccine is yet to be introduced in Cameroon. The findings have clinical and epidemiological significance.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Agents of the Upper Respiratory Tract of School Children in Buea, Cameroon

Ntiege

et al. 2009

J Health Popul Nutr

Clinical Infectious Diseases

“…This reflects the epidemic nature of meningococcal disease. When H. influenzae isolates were serotyped, 94%-100% were of type b (Hib) [11,54,[65][66][67]. Figure 1 shows the distribution of Hib, pneumococci, meningococci, and other agents (usually Salmonella) in 9 regions within and 10 regions outside the meningitis belt [1,2].…”

Section: Meningitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serious infections considered potentially due to Hib were treated by the traditional and inexpensive (and often still very effective [91]) combination of penicillin G or ampicillin and chloramphenicol [41]. Despite clinical success [15,31], antimicrobial resistance caused by b-lactamase and other mechanisms are an emerging problem [14,31,32,37,49,66]; in Malawi, 20% and 50% of Hib meningitis strains were resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin, respectively [41]. Third-generation cephalosporins were used, resources permitting.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Hib Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burden of Meningitis and Other Severe Bacterial Infections of Children in Africa: Implications for Prevention

Peltola

2001

118

Apart from meningococcal disease in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, the incidence and impact of life-threatening bacterial diseases in children across Africa have not been quantified. The clinical and epidemiological data on pneumococcal, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and other forms of bacterial meningitis, as well as data on other severe bacterial infections throughout the continent were scrutinized. Pneumococci were the leading causative agents of nonepidemic meningitis and other bacteremic diseases, followed by Hib. Meningococcal diseases were less common. Mortality rates associated with pneumococcal, Hib, and meningococcal meningitis were 549 (45%) of 1211 patients, 389 (29%) of 1352 patients, and 104 (8%) of 1236 patients, respectively; sequelae occurred in 50%, 40%, and 10% of cases. At 0-4 years of age, the estimated incidences of Hib meningitis and all classic Hib diseases were 70 and 100 cases per 100,000 population per year, accounting for approximately 90,000 and 120,000 cases per year, respectively. Including older age groups and, especially, nonbacteremic Hib pneumonia in the estimates of Hib disease in Africa increased the overall numbers manifold; the numbers of pneumococcal infections were even greater. The only realistic way to combat these severe infections efficaciously would be through widespread vaccination, starting with Hib conjugates.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

“…It is estimated that an untreated patient with smear-positive disease may infect 10-14 individuals annually [6]. Delays in diagnosis and treatment result in a prolonged period of infectivity in the community [5,7], and are a common problem in both developed and developing countries [5,[7][8][9][10][11]. The present study investigated patterns and reasons for delays among patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Turkey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in a Beirut general university hospital between 2000 and 2004

Daoud

Cocozaki

Hakime

2006

Susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae collected over a 5-year period in a Beirut general university hospital were studied. Only 40.6-50% of S. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to penicillin G. Susceptibility to clindamycin and erythromycin decreased from 94.1% and 89.7%, respectively, in 2000 to 75% and 71.9%, respectively, in 2004. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. For H. influenzae, no resistance was observed to amoxycillin-clavulanate, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin, with >92% of isolates showing susceptibility to cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and tetracycline. The proportion of beta-lactamase-positive isolates varied between 22.7 and 30.8%.