Prevalence of Antibody against Non‐A, non‐B Hepatitis Virus in Japanese Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Ohkoshi, Shogo; Kojima, Hideo; Tawaraya, Hironobu; Miyajima, Tohru; Kamimura, Tomoteru; Asakura, Hitoshi; Satoh, Akira; Hirose, Shinichi; Hijikata, Makoto; Kato, Naoya; Shimotohno, Kunitada

doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02605.x

Cited by 86 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…It is estimated that at least 50% of HCV infections lead to chronic liver disease, including chronic active hepatitis with or without concurrent cirrhosis. [4][5][6] Second, HCV has been implicated as one of the major causative agents of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan 7 , Saudi Arabia, 8 and other parts of the world. [9][10] Third, approximately 45% of HCV cases have no obvious risk factors, including parenteral exposure, [4][5][6] leaving unanswered the question of virus transmission via as yet unidentified routes of exposure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection in Saudi Arabia: A Review

Al-Faleh

Ramia

1997

Ann Saudi Med

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It is well established now that HCV is the major etiological agent of parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (PT-NANBH), [1][2][3] and that it has a worldwide distribution. Studies on HCV infection have led to three striking observations. First, there is a high frequency of chronic infection in a significant number of infected individuals. It is estimated that at least 50% of HCV infections lead to chronic liver disease, including chronic active hepatitis with or without concurrent cirrhosis. [4][5][6] Second, HCV has been implicated as one of the major causative agents of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan 7 , Saudi Arabia, 8 and other parts of the world. [9][10] Third, approximately 45% of HCV cases have no obvious risk factors, including parenteral exposure, 4-6 leaving unanswered the question of virus transmission via as yet unidentified routes of exposure. The aim of this article is to review the literature about the extent of HCV infection in Saudi Arabia and see what can be concluded from the studies conducted so far. However, since there have been dramatic advances in the serologic diagnosis of HCV during the past six to seven years, we would first like to briefly review those serologic tests used and their reliability in diagnosing HCV infection. Diagnosis of HCV Infection Anti-HCV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testsHCV infection, once a diagnosis of "exclusion" based on the absence of markers of acute infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) can now be specifically diagnosed by using serodiagnostic assays for virus-specific antibodies.11 A first-generation anti-HCV EIA test was developed by using recombinant c100-3, derived from the NS3/NS4 region of the genome of HCV, as antigen (Figure 1). The test was used widely and although important data was generated, the test suffered from major drawbacks. These included failure to discover all patients with HCV infection, 12 long "window-phase" before seroconversion (could be up to 12 months), 13 in addition to a high rate of false-positive reactions. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] To circumvent the drawbacks of the anti-HCV c100-3 test, recombinant or synthetic antigens derived from other regions of the HCV genome were included in the test and this is what is referred to as second-generation anti-HCV EIA tests. The additional antigens c22 and c33 were derived from two conserved regions: the structural region (core) and NS3 region, respectively (Figure l). 21,22 In patients with posttransfusion NANBH, the seroconversion rate improved from 54% with the first-generation to 82% with a second-generation test and the time lag to seroconversion decreased from a mean of 6.1 weeks after the onset of hepatitis with the first-generation test to a mean of 2.3 weeks with the second-generation test.23 Thus, the second-generation test reduces the "window-phase" to seroconversion and increases the sensitivity in diagnosing HCV infection, with a dramatic reduction in the number of false-positive reactions seen with the first-generation ...

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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection in Saudi Arabia: A Review

Al-Faleh

Ramia

1997

Ann Saudi Med

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“…We previously pointed out structural similarities with regard to sequence diversity or variability (Kato et al, 1990(Kato et al, b, 1992(Kato et al, b, 1994, and isolate-specific immunodominant B-cell epitopes (Kato et al, 1993(Kato et al, , 1994Sekiya et al, 1994) between HVR1 of the E2 envelope protein of HCV and the third variable region (V3 loop) of gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Since the V3 loop of HIV is known to be a key determinant of viral cell tropism (Hwang et al, 1991 ;Shioda et al, 1994 ;Takeuchi et al, 1991), the results of this study suggest that HVR1 itself could control the cell tropism of HCV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCR products containing HVR1 and the structural region of HCV RNA were cloned into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of the pTZ19R plasmid vector and into the EcoRI site of the pBR322 plasmid vector, respectively, as described previously (Kato et al, 1990 a). Nucleotide sequences were determined by the dideoxy nucleotide chain termination method using an ALF DNA sequencer (Pharmacia).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection frequently causes chronic hepatitis, and this persistent virus infection is linked to the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (Choo et al, 1989 ;Kuo et al, 1989 ;Ohkoshi et al, 1990 ;Saito et al, 1990). HCV has a positive-stranded RNA genome of 9n6 kb, including a large open reading frame encoding a polyprotein precursor of about 3000 amino acids, and has Author for correspondence : Nobuyuki Kato.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatitis C virus population dynamics in human lymphocytes and hepatocytes infected in vitro.

Kato¹,

Ikeda²,

Sugiyama

et al. 1998

Journal of General Virology

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We previously found two cell lines (MT-2 and PH5CH) that were susceptible to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Analysis of the infectivity of sera from HCV-positive blood donors for MT-2 and PH5CH cells suggested the cell tropism of HCV. To investigate further the cell tropism of HCV, the dynamics of HCV populations during culture were examined using three MT-2 clones and three PH5CH clones, infected with inoculum 1B-2. To type HCV populations in these infected cells, the HCV hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) in these cloned cells was characterized by sequence analysis and HpaII digestion analysis, which could distinguish three major HVR1 types (I, II and III) derived from the inoculum 1B-2. It was found that genomes containing HVR1 type I became predominant in MT-2

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“…In our laboratory, RT-nested PCR is routinely used to detect the RNA genome of hepatitis C virus (HCV), infection with which causes chronic hepatitis and persistent infection frequently leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (2,9,12,13). RT-nested PCR allows the detection of 10 copies of the HCV RNA genome, which consists of a positive-stranded RNA molecule of about 9.5 kilobases (5), when the most conserved 51-noncoding (5 '-NC) region is amplified.…”

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confidence: 99%

Single‐Step Reverse Transcription‐Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Hepatitis C Virus RNA

Mizutani¹,

Ikeda²,

Saito

et al. 1998

Microbiology and Immunology

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We developed a novel single-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which is equal in sensitivity and specificity to RT-nested PCR, based on both reverse transcriptase and Taq DNA polymerase working efficiently under single buffer reaction conditions. Using in vitro synthesized hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA, it was demonstrated that 10-100 copies of HCV RNA could be detected with a set of primers that amplify a 144 base-pair sequence unique to the 5'-noncoding region of HCV RNA. Furthermore, this method was successfully performed on serum and liver biopsy specimens obtained from patients with chronic hepatitis C. In addition, HCV RNA from in vitro HCV-infected MT-2C cells, which supported HCV replication, was also detected by this method. The method is anticipated to improve the detection of small amounts of RNA, such as that of HCV, promoting both labor savings and the prevention of carry-over contamination.

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Prevalence of Antibody against Non‐A, non‐B Hepatitis Virus in Japanese Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Cited by 86 publications

References 13 publications

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection in Saudi Arabia: A Review

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection in Saudi Arabia: A Review

Hepatitis C virus population dynamics in human lymphocytes and hepatocytes infected in vitro.

Single‐Step Reverse Transcription‐Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Hepatitis C Virus RNA

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