Prevalence of Antibodies in Human Sera against JC Virus, an Isolate from a Case of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Padgett, Billie L.; Walker, Duard L.

doi:10.1093/infdis/127.4.467

Cited by 439 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although serologically distinct, JCV and BKV shared the ability to agglutinate human type O erythrocytes in vitro [2,20]. This common trait allowed researchers to screen sera for antibodies with hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While titration by hemagglutination (HA) became the standard for quantitative viral analysis, seroepidemiological evidence from HI showed worldwide distribution of JCV. Approximately 80% of adult humans tested exhibited maintained levels of antibodies directed against JCV and the majority of seroconversions occurred before or during adolescence [2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The neurological dysfunction and mortality associated with PML are the direct result of the JC virus (JCV) lytically infecting oligodendrocytes, the basis of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). Prevalent JCV infection is evident worldwide with more than half of adolescents and approximately 80% of adults exhibiting and maintaining elevated levels of JCV-specific antibodies [2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viral variant nucleotide sequences help expose leukocytic positioning in the JC virus pathway to the CNS

Jensen

Major

1999

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viral variant nucleotide sequences help expose leukocytic positioning in the JC virus pathway to the CNS

Jensen

Major

1999

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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“…This virus, however, is ubiquitous in humans (Padgett & Walker, 1973, 1976, infecting children asympto-* Author for correspondence. Fax + 81 3 5449 5409. e-mail yogo@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical distribution of the human polyomavirus JC virus types A and B and isolation of a new type from Ghana

Guo

Kitamura

Ebihara

et al. 1996

Journal of General Virology

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The JC polyomavirus (JCV) is ubiquitous in humans, infecting children asymptomatically, then persisting in renal tissue. Since JCV DNA can be readily isolated from urine, it should be a useful tool with which to study the evolution of DNA viruses in humans. We showed that JCV DNA from the urine of Japanese, Taiwanese, Dutch and German patients can be classified into A and B types, based upon restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). This work was extended in the present study. We established multiple JCV DNA clones from the UK, Spain, Italy, Sweden, South Korea, People's Republic of China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Mongolia, India, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia, South Africa and Ghana. Using typespecific RFLPs, most clones except the four clones from Ghana were classified as either type A or B. We constructed a molecular phylogenetic tree for the Ghanaian clones and several representative type A and B clones. According to the phylogenetic tree, the Ghanaian clones constituted a major new group, tentatively named type C. From the findings presented here and elsewhere, the following conclusions were drawn: (i) type A is prevalent only in Europe; (ii) type B is found mainly in Asia and Africa; and (iii) type C is localized to part of Africa. Our findings should help to clarify how JCV evolved in humans.

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“…PML is a rare but often untreatable and lethal disorder of the central nervous system, caused by reactivation of the John Cunningham (JC) virus [51], and can be provoked by natalizumab [52]. Based on the experience of a group of multiple sclerosis patients, the estimated incidence of PML was nearly one case per 1000 patients receiving natalizumab [52].…”

Section: Anti-integrin Inhibitors Vedolizumabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging biologics in inflammatory bowel disease

Chan

2016

J Gastroenterol

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Early biologic therapy is recommended in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and poor prognostic factors and in those refractory to conventional medications. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents are the most commonly used biologic agents. However, some patients may not have an initial response to anti-TNF therapy, and one-third will develop loss of response over time. Anti-TNF drugs can also be associated with side effects. In addition, the use of biologics is currently limited by their cost, especially in developing countries. A number of new therapeutic targets, including novel small molecules, and cellular therapy are available or under investigation. These novel molecules include oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor (tofacitinib), interleukin inhibitor (ustekinumab), oral SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide (mongersen), and anti-integrin inhibitors (vedolizumab). Here, we review the mechanisms of action, the efficacy, and the safety data of these novel agents. Biological products that are highly similar to reference biologic products whose patents have expired-also known as ''biosimilars''-can be produced at lower cost with similar efficacy, and are also available for the treatment of IBD. We review the efficacy data for such agents as well.

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Prevalence of Antibodies in Human Sera against JC Virus, an Isolate from a Case of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Cited by 439 publications

References 9 publications

Viral variant nucleotide sequences help expose leukocytic positioning in the JC virus pathway to the CNS

Viral variant nucleotide sequences help expose leukocytic positioning in the JC virus pathway to the CNS

Geographical distribution of the human polyomavirus JC virus types A and B and isolation of a new type from Ghana

Emerging biologics in inflammatory bowel disease

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