Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Risk Factors Among Non-Pregnant Women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

AlFaris, Nora A.; AlTamimi, Jozaa Z.; AlKehayez, Nora M.; Almushawah, Fatema; AlNaeem, AbdulRhman; AlAmri, Nadia; AlMudawah, Ebtisam; Alsemari, Malak A.; Alzahrani, Jawaher; Alqahtani, Layla; Alenazi, Wedad; Almuteb, Ashwaq; Alotibi, Hessa

doi:10.2147/ijgm.s299450

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…According to the findings of a study conducted on Saudi women aged 15-49 years, anemia was found in 40% of the participants [9]. Another investigation by Al Quaiz found a significant frequency of anemia among females from Riyadh, with an estimated 37 percent of females suffering from the condition [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia Burden among Hospital Attendees in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Arbaeen

Iqbal

2022

Anemia

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Background. Anemia is a major health problem in Saudi Arabia and has multiple etiologies. Many studies have been conducted in Saudi Arabia in specific population groups like school children, adolescents, university students, and females in the reproductive age group, and most have reported high prevalence of anemia. This study was conducted in a specialist hospital in Makkah city and includes all outpatients aged 15 years and above. Objective. To study the burden of anemia among hospital attendees, its stratification based on gender and age, and its severity along with the morphological types of anemia. Methods. This is a study conducted at a specialist hospital in Makkah city and one-month data were collected retrospectively from the laboratory database and include demographic and routine hematological results of complete blood count (CBC). Results. A total of 21,524 patients were included, out of which 9444 (43.9%) were males and 12020 (56.1%) were females. The overall prevalence of anemia was 38.7% (8339). Prevalence was very high in females, accounting for 68.2% (5689), whereas it was 31.8% (2650) in males. There were 39.6% (3301), 43.9% (3657), and 16.6% (1381) cases of mild, moderate, and severe anemia, respectively. In females, anemia was more prevalent in the age group of 15 to 49, which is considered as the reproductive age group. Microcytic anemia was the most prevalent type observed in this age group, accounting for 40.7% of all anemia cases. Normocytic anemia was more prevalent in the males, accounting for 52%. Conclusion. Our study showed high prevalence of anemia among the patients attending outpatient departments in a specialist hospital. Females have high prevalence of anemia when compared to male population. Microcytic anemia was the most common anemia type among females and was seen in the 15–49 age group. There is an increase in prevalence of anemia with age for males, whereas, in females, increased prevalence is observed in the reproductive age groups and the anemia prevalence maintained a steady decrease towards the 5th to the 9th decades. Normocytic anemia was more prevalent in the 5th to the 9th decades, indicating that there are more etiologies other than iron deficiency in the causation of anemia. Macrocytic anemia was the least reported anemia type. Anemia of mild and moderate severity was predominant in both genders, although severe anemia showed higher prevalence in females as compared to males. Conclusion. Anemia is highly prevalent in adolescents, adults, and the elderly in Makkah region. The most common cause is thought to be iron deficiency, although other causes are not uncommon. The authorities need to address the problem of prevention and reduction in anemia prevalence by taking effective measures and interventions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia Burden among Hospital Attendees in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Arbaeen

Iqbal

2022

Anemia

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“…Anemia is extremely common in Saudi Arabia among non-pregnant women in the childbearing age. Prevalence of anemia in this age group was found to be 38-40% 2 . In a study of all hospital attendees, anemia was identi ed in 47.1% of women, with those in childbearing age being the age group most affected 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Screening for Iron Deficiency among Pregnant Women

AlQurashi,

Abdulgader,

Gari

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are extremely common in females in Saudi Arabia and are highly prevalent in pregnancy. The Saudi MOH Mother Health Passport recommends that pregnant women undergo testing for complete blood count and ferritin in every trimester. In this project, our goals were to describe practices of screening pregnant women for ID or IDA during pregnancy and to identify the prevalence of anemia and IDA in the study population, along with prescribed treatments. Methods In this retrospective study, all women who delivered in an academic tertiary care center from January to March 2022 were identified. From these, the study population included all patients who had at least 2 antenatal visits in the same center. Women with inflammatory conditions or inherited blood disorders were excluded. Data about gravidity and parity, results of testing of hemoglobin and iron profile, specially ferritin, were retrieved from health records. Records were also reviewed to identify patients who were prescribed iron (orally or intravenously) or received a blood transfusion. Results The study included 336 women. 591 (51.5%) hemoglobin tests were performed during pregnancy for the study sample, which represents a 50% gap in comparison with MOH recommendations of measuring Hb in every trimester. The overall prevalence of anemia was 28.6%, 12.2% in the first trimester, 37.2% in the second trimester, and 36.3% in the third trimester. Ferritin was measured in less than 5% of patients, and most women had ferritin levels below 15 ng/ml. Conclusions Screening practices for IDA and ID among pregnant women are suboptimal, and the prevalence of both entities is substantial. The development of detailed national guidelines for screening and managing ID and IDA in pregnancy is recommended.

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“…Globally, about one-third (30%) of WRA are anemic, with major consequences for health, social and economic development and associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality [ 7 ], that is occurring at all stages of the life cycle [ 8 ]. According to estimates, the prevalence of anemia is 43% in developing nations and 9% in developed countries, respectively [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with anemia among reproductive age women in Nigeria; evidenced by the Nigeria malaria indicators survey: spatial and multilevel model analysis

Mankelkl,

Kinfe

2024

Contracept Reprod Med

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Background Anemia is a global public health problem among women of reproductive age group, especially in developing countries, which affect health, social and economic development that result in low physical activity, increased maternal morbidity and mortality and adverse neonatal outcome especially those with severe anemia. However, there is limited reliable and updated data on the spatial variations of anemia and its associated factors among reproductive-age women in Nigeria. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the recent Nigeria malaria indicators survey datasets. The study comprised a total of 14,476 reproductive-age women. Spatial and multilevel mixed effect analysis on determinants factors of anemia among reproductive age women in Nigeria evidenced by the recent Nigerian malaria indicators survey. Finally, the percentage and odd ratio, its 95% confidence intervals, and the result of spatial analysis were reported. Result This study includes a total weighted sample of 14,476 reproductive-age women from the Nigeria malaria indicators survey. The prevalence of anemia was 24.6% in Ethiopia. Being between the age range of 30–34 years [AOR: 0.217, 95% CI (0.171, 0.274)], Attending higher education [AOR: 0.848, 95%CI (0.740, 0.972)] and being male headed household [AOR: 0.540, 95% CI (0.471, 0.620)] were protective for anemia. On the other hand being poorest [AOR: 1.542 95%CI (1.299, 1.830)] and being listening radio less than once a week [AOR: 1.013, 95% CI (0.908, 1.131)] were risk for anemia. Conclusion In this study Individual level factors were associated with anemia and also there were spatial variations in anemia across the region among reproductive-age women. Empowering women to have better educational status, improving the wealth index, and promoting education about prevention and control strategies of anemia through media especially in developing regions were the key factors to reduce anemia among reproductive age women in Nigeria.

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Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Risk Factors Among Non-Pregnant Women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

Anemia Burden among Hospital Attendees in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Anemia Burden among Hospital Attendees in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Screening for Iron Deficiency among Pregnant Women

Factors associated with anemia among reproductive age women in Nigeria; evidenced by the Nigeria malaria indicators survey: spatial and multilevel model analysis

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