Prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. in Chinese ready-to-eat foods

Xu, Xiaoke; Li, Chengsi; Wu, Qingping; Zhang, Jumei; Huang, Jiahui; Yang, Guangzhu

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.003

Cited by 58 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…13 of them belonged to three major sequence types (ST4, ST1 and ST8) of C. sakazakii strains in China, three were our newly discovered sequence types (ST266, ST283, ST287), one were ST641. The genomes of C. sakazakii strains were fragmented using NEBNext dsDNA Fragmentase (NEB, USA) and Bsp143I (Sau3AI; Fermentas, Lithuania).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cronobacter sakazakii is an important foodborne pathogen associated with outbreaks of life-threatening necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis, and sepsis in neonates and infants12. Although the incidence is low, the fatality rates of these diseases, caused by C. sakazakii infection, range between 40 to 80% and survivors are often left with severe neurological and developmental disorders34.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The driving force of prophages and CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of Cronobacter sakazakii

Zeng

Zhang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Cronobacter sakazakii is an important foodborne pathogens causing rare but life-threatening diseases in neonates and infants. CRISPR-Cas system is a new prokaryotic defense system that provides adaptive immunity against phages, latter play an vital role on the evolution and pathogenicity of host bacteria. In this study, we found that genome sizes of C. sakazakii strains had a significant positive correlation with total genome sizes of prophages. Prophages contributed to 16.57% of the genetic diversity (pan genome) of C. sakazakii, some of which maybe the potential virulence factors. Subtype I-E CRISPR-Cas system and five types of CRISPR arrays were found in the conserved site of C. sakazakii strains. CRISPR1 and CRISPR2 loci with high variable spacers were active and showed potential protection against phage attacks. The number of spacers from two active CRISPR loci in clinical strains was significant less than that of foodborne strains, it maybe a reason why clinical strains were found to have more prophages than foodborne strains. The frequently gain/loss of prophages and spacers in CRISPR loci is likely to drive the quick evolution of C. sakazakii. Our study provides a new insight into the co-evolution of phages and C. sakazakii.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The driving force of prophages and CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of Cronobacter sakazakii

Zeng

Zhang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Therefore, the biocontrol and regulation of C. sakazakii are urgently required. However, C. sakazakii is resistant to some antibiotics, indicating a problem with antibiotic therapies against C. sakazakii [9, 10], and its pathogenicity mechanism remains unknown. Recently, to unveil the knowledge about the Cronobacter ecology, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis using seven housekeeping genes has been established to identify the diversity of the Cronobacter genus from various sources, and its application has facilitated understanding of the evolutionary relationships and environmental fitness of Cronobacter species [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complete genome sequence of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544T, a food-borne pathogen, isolated from a child’s throat

Kim

Yoon

et al. 2017

Gut Pathog

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Background Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that is associated with rare but life-threatening cases of severe diseases: meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in premature and full-term infants. However, the pathogenesis mechanism of this pathogen remains largely unknown. To determine its pathogenesis at the genomic level, the genome of C. sakazakii ATCC 29544T was completely sequenced and analyzed.ResultsThe genomic DNA, containing a circular chromosome and three plasmids, is composed of 4,511,265 bp with a GC content of 56.71%, containing 4380 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), 22 rRNA genes, and 83 tRNA genes. The plasmids, designated pCSK29544_p1, pCSK29544_p2, and pCSK29544_p3, were 93,905-bp, 4938-bp, and 53,457-bp with GC contents of 57.02, 54.88, and 50.07%, respectively. They were also predicted to have 72, 6, and 57 ORFs without RNA genes.ConclusionsThe strain ATCC 29544T genome has ompA and ibeB-homologous cusC genes, probably associated with the invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). In addition, gene clusters for siderophore production (iucABCD/iutA) and the related transport system (eitCBAD) were detected in pCSK29544_p1 plasmid, indicating better iron uptake ability for survival. Furthermore, to survive under extremely dry condition like milk powder, this genome has gene clusters for biosynthesis of capsular proteins (CSK29544_00281-00284) and cellulose (CSK29544_01124-01127) for biofilm formation and a gene cluster for utilization of sialic acid in the milk (nanKTAR). The genome information of C. sakazakii ATCC 29544T would provide further understanding of its pathogenesis at the molecular level for the regulation of pathogenicity and the development of a rapid detection method using biomarkers.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0150-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…According to an established O-antigen serotyping scheme based on rabbit antisera and a PCRbased serotyping method (17)(18)(19)(20)(21), seven serotypes (O1 to O7) have been identified for C. sakazakii. Serotypes O1 and O2 seem to be most prevalent in PIF samples and in clinical cases, whereas serotype O3 has been isolated quite frequently from PIF but not as often from clinical cases (19,(22)(23)(24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…According to an established O-antigen serotyping scheme based on rabbit antisera and a PCRbased serotyping method (17-21), seven serotypes (O1 to O7) have been identified for C. sakazakii. Serotypes O1 and O2 seem to be most prevalent in PIF samples and in clinical cases, whereas serotype O3 has been isolated quite frequently from PIF but not as often from clinical cases (19,(22)(23)(24).Today, the contamination of PIF by C. sakazakii is being detected using conventional microbiological methods. Optimized procedures for the isolation and identification of Cronobacter spp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Rapid Detection and Serotyping of Cronobacter sakazakii Serotypes O1, O2, and O3 by Using Specific Monoclonal Antibodies

Scharinger

Dietrich

Kleinsteuber

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen associated with rare but often lethal infections in neonates. Powdered infant formula (PIF) represents the most frequent source of infection. Out of the identified serotypes (O1 to O7), O1, O2, and O3 are often isolated from clinical and PIF samples. Serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) suitable for application in enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for the rapid detection of C. sakazakii have not yet been developed. In this study, we created specific MAbs with the ability to bind to C. sakazakii of serotypes O1, O2, and O3. Characterization by indirect EIAs, immunofluorescence, motility assays, and immunoblotting identified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) as the antigenic determinants of the MAbs. The established sandwich EIAs were highly sensitive and were able to detect between 2 ؋ 10 3 and 9 ؋ 10 6 CFU/ml. Inclusivity tests confirmed that 93% of serotype O1 strains, 100% of O2 strains, and 87% of O3 strains were detected at low cell counts. No cross-reactivity with >100 strains of Cronobacter spp. and other Enterobacteriaceae was observed, except for that with C. sakazakii serotype O3 and Cronobacter muytjensii serotype O1. Moreover, the sandwich EIAs detected C. sakazakii in PIF samples artificially contaminated with 1 to 10 bacterial cells per 10 g of sample after 15 h of preenrichment. The use of these serotype-specific MAbs not only allows the reliable detection of C. sakazakii strains but also enables simultaneous serotyping in a simple sandwich EIA method. Cronobacter spp. are Gram-negative opportunistic foodborne pathogens of the family Enterobacteriaceae that cause rare but severe infections in patients of all age groups. In adults, Cronobacter spp. are often associated with nosocomial infections, including pneumonia, septicemia, wound infections, and osteomyelitis, while causing invasive disease in young infants and neonates (1-4). Among the seven identified Cronobacter species, C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. muytjensii, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. condimenti, and C. universalis (5-8), C. sakazakii plays a prominent role due to it causing life-threatening infections in neonates (9-11). Clinically manifested infections present as necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis, with a mortality rate as high as 80% (1, 12, 13). Although C. sakazakii has been isolated from a variety of different plant-and animal-based food products (14, 15), the presence in powdered infant formula (PIF) seems crucial in the infection of neonates (9, 12, 16). According to an established O-antigen serotyping scheme based on rabbit antisera and a PCRbased serotyping method (17-21), seven serotypes (O1 to O7) have been identified for C. sakazakii. Serotypes O1 and O2 seem to be most prevalent in PIF samples and in clinical cases, whereas serotype O3 has been isolated quite frequently from PIF but not as often from clinical cases (19,(22)(23)(24).Today, the contamination of PIF by C. sakazakii is being detected using conventional microbiological m...

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Prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. in Chinese ready-to-eat foods

Cited by 58 publications

References 40 publications

The driving force of prophages and CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of Cronobacter sakazakii

The driving force of prophages and CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of Cronobacter sakazakii

The complete genome sequence of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544T, a food-borne pathogen, isolated from a child’s throat

Simultaneous Rapid Detection and Serotyping of Cronobacter sakazakii Serotypes O1, O2, and O3 by Using Specific Monoclonal Antibodies

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