Prevalence, Incidence and Nature of Prescribing Errors in Hospital Inpatients

Abstract

Prescribing errors affect patient safety throughout hospital practice. Previous reviews of studies have often targeted specific populations or settings, or did not adopt a systematic approach to reviewing the literature. Therefore, we set out to systematically review the prevalence, incidence and nature of prescribing errors in hospital inpatients. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (all from 1985 to October 2007) were searched for studies of prescriptions for adult or child hospital inpatients giving enough data to calculate an error rate. Electronic prescriptions and errors for single diseases, routes of administration or types of prescribing error were excluded, as were non-English language publications. Median error rate (interquartile range [IQR]) was 7% (2-14%) of medication orders, 52 (8-227) errors per 100 admissions and 24 (6-212) errors per 1000 patient days. Most studies (84%) were conducted in single hospitals and originated from the US or UK (72%). Most errors were intercepted and reported before they caused harm, although two studies reported adverse drug events. Errors were most common with antimicrobials and more common in adults (median 18% of orders [ten studies, IQR 7-25%]) than children (median 4% [six studies, IQR 2-17%]). Incorrect dosage was the most common error. Overall, it is clear that prescribing errors are a common occurrence, affecting 7% of medication orders, 2% of patient days and 50% of hospital admissions. However, the reported rates of prescribing errors varied greatly and this could be partly explained by variations in the definition of a prescribing error, the methods used to collect error data and the setting of the study. Furthermore, a lack of standardization between severity scales prevented any comparison of error severity across studies. Future research should address the wide disparity of data-collection methods and definitions that bedevils comparison of error rates or meta-analysis of different studies.

Do final‐year medical students have sufficient prescribing competencies? A systematic literature review

“…Previous literature reviews focused mainly on the prevalence and causes of prescribing errors made by junior doctors 12, 13. By shifting the focus to final‐year students rather than junior doctors, we aimed to identify possible shortcomings in undergraduate CPT education that could be improved in the future.…”

Nursing students' perspectives and suggestions on patient safety—Implications for developing the nursing education curriculum in Iran

“…The true incidence of errors in preparation and administration of medicines is unknown: 54.4% of 983 US nurses surveyed indicated that not all drug errors were reported, due to fear of managers and peers (Mayo and Duncan, 2004). Estimates of errors of varying clinical importance, range from 24% to 94% of doses administered (Hoefel et al, 2008) and 52 (IQR 8-227) per 100 admissions (Lewis et al, 2009). …”

From a reactive to a proactive safety approach. Analysis of medication errors in chemotherapy using general failure types

“…A systematic review showed a median prescribing error rate of 7% of medication orders (Lewis et al . 2009). In another systematic review (Berdot et al .…”