Prevalence, Diversity, and Load of Borrelia species in Ticks That Have Fed on Humans in Regions of Sweden and Åland Islands, Finland with Different Lyme Borreliosis Incidences

Wilhelmsson, Peter; Lindblom, Pontus; Fryland, Linda; Ernerudh, Jan; Forsberg, Pia; Lindgren, Per-Eric

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081433

Cited by 70 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…On the other hand, the prevalences of LB spirochetes in I. ricinus ticks reported in the past could be also overestimates due to the misidentification of the relapsing fever spirochete B. miyamotoi by microscopy. The PCR-based techniques are considered the most sensitive (27) and can detect a Borrelia load as low as a single spirochete (31). However, single-cell sensitivity may be superfluous in view of data suggesting that a minimum of 300 spirochetes may be required in order for a host-seeking nymphal tick to be able to transmit infection (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Strnad

Hönig

Růžek

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

145

131

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Lyme borreliosis is the most common zoonotic disease transmitted by ticks in Europe and North America. Despite having multiple tick vectors, the causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is vectored mainly by Ixodes ricinus in Europe. In the present study, we aimed to review and summarize the existing data published from 2010 to 2016 concerning the prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes in questing I. ricinus ticks. The primary focus was to evaluate the infection rate of these bacteria in ticks, accounting for tick stage, adult tick gender, region, and detection method, as well as to investigate any changes in prevalence over time. The data obtained were compared to the findings of a previous metastudy. The literature search identified data from 23 countries, with 115,028 ticks, in total, inspected for infection with B. burgdorferi sensu lato. We showed that the infection rate was significantly higher in adults than in nymphs and in females than in males. We found significant differences between European regions, with the highest infection rates in Central Europe. The most common genospecies were B. afzelii and B. garinii, despite a negative correlation of their prevalence rates. No statistically significant differences were found among the prevalence rates determined by conventional PCR, nested PCR, and real-time PCR.IMPORTANCE Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a pathogenic bacterium whose clinical manifestations are associated with Lyme borreliosis. This vector-borne disease is a major public health concern in Europe and North America and may lead to severe arthritic, cardiovascular, and neurological complications if left untreated. Although pathogen prevalence is considered an important predictor of infection risk, solitary isolated data have only limited value. Here we provide summarized information about the prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes among host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks, the principal tick vector of borreliae in Europe. We compare the new results with previously published data in order to evaluate any changing trends in tick infection.KEYWORDS Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick, Ixodes ricinus, genospecies, metaanalysis, Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease T he Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group includes the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis (LB), the most prevalent human tick-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere (1). The bacterium is maintained in a horizontal transmission cycle between its vector, ticks of the genus Ixodes, and vertebrate reservoir host species. In Europe, there are a number of different B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies, many of them directly associated with human LB. The disease is caused predominantly by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, B. garinii, and B. bavariensis (previously known as B. garinii OspA serotype 4) (2). In addition, four other genospecies are occasionally

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Strnad

Hönig

Růžek

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

145

131

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“…Serological samples and data collected from 1,886 persons in the TBD STING study bitten by one or more ticks from 2007 to 2009 were analyzed (2)(3)(4)(5). A total of 394 of these participants were also described previously (3).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ticks that had bitten humans in the Åland Islands, Finland, and different parts of Sweden were collected and analyzed at Linköping University (2)(3)(4)(5). The focus of this study was to analyze the differences in the measurements of B. burgdorferi-specific antibodies in the paired samples and propose methods for detecting changes in antibody reactivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of a Cohort of 1,886 Persons To Determine Changes in Antibody Reactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi 3 Months after a Tick Bite

Dessau¹,

Fryland²,

Wilhelmsson³

et al. 2015

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. The most frequent clinical manifestation is a rash called erythema migrans. Changes in antibody reactivity to B. burgdorferi 3 months after a tick bite are measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). One assay is based on native purified flagellum antigen (IgG), and the other assay is based on a recombinant antigen called C6 (IgG or IgM). Paired samples were taken at the time of a tick bite and 3 months later from 1,886 persons in Sweden and the Åland Islands, Finland. The seroconversion or relative change is defined by dividing the measurement units from the second sample by those from the first sample. The threshold for the minimum level of significant change was defined at the 2.5% level to represent the random error level. The thresholds were a 2.7-fold rise for the flagellar IgG assay and a 1.8-fold rise for the C6 assay. Of 1,886 persons, 102/101 (5.4%) had a significant rise in antibody reactivity in the flagellar assay or the C6 assay. Among 40 cases with a diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis, the sensitivities corresponding to a rise in antibodies were 33% and 50% for the flagellar antigen and the C6 antigen, respectively. Graphical methods to display the antibody response and to choose thresholds for a rise in relative antibody reactivity are shown and discussed. In conclusion, 5.4% of people with tick bites showed a rise in Borrelia-specific antibodies above the 2.5% threshold in either ELISA but only 40 (2.1%) developed clinical Lyme borreliosis. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is transmitted by hard ticks (Ixodes ricinus or Ixodes persulcatus) throughout Europe, especially in the temperate climate zone. Both the vector and the bacterium are prevalent in southern Scandinavia, and ticks frequently attach to humans and occasionally transmit B. burgdorferi (1-4). Lyme borreliosis (LB) is also common in parts of the United States. The term B. burgdorferi sensu lato denotes a species complex belonging to the genus Borrelia and is herein designated simply B. burgdorferi or Borrelia. The most frequent species infecting humans in Europe are B. afzelii, B. garinii, and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. In the United States, the only prevalent species is B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. The infections may involve the nervous system, the skin, the joints, and the heart. The most frequent manifestation is a characteristic skin lesion called erythema migrans (EM).This study was based on data from the tick-borne diseases (TBD) STING study (www.stingstudien.se). Ticks that had bitten humans in the Åland Islands, Finland, and different parts of Sweden were collected and analyzed at Linköping University (2-5). The focus of this study was to analyze the differences in the measurements of B. burgdorferi-specific antibodies in the paired samples and propose methods for detecting changes in antibody reactivity. Although the concept of antigen-induced stimulation and seroconversion has broad application in diagnostic medicine, epidem...

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“…A B. miyamotoi nagy területen elterjedt, jelenleg 18 európai országból van adat az előfordulásáról (1. táblá-zat) [8,9,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. A növényzetről gyűjtött közönséges kullancsokban a fertőzöttek aránya 0,18% és 4,8% közöt-ti.…”

Section: öSszefoglaló Közleményunclassified

Borrelia miyamotoi: egy újabb, humán patogén, kullancs által terjesztett, visszatérő lázat okozó baktérium

Szekeres

Lakos²,

Földvári

2017

Orvosi Hetilap

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A Borrelia miyamotoi-t 1995-ben fedezték fel. Ez egy, emberben visszatérő lázat (relapsing fever, febris recurrens) okozó baktérium, amelyet az Ixodes ricinus fajcsoportba tartozó kullancsok terjesztenek. Ez a kórokozó genetikailag, járványtanilag és az általa okozott kórkép tekintetében is különbözik a szintén kullancsok által terjesztett Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Lyme spirochaeta) baktériumoktól. Eddig világszerte több mint 50 heveny lázas megbetegedésben szenvedő páciensből mutatták már ki, ezenfelül három tumoros betegben meningoencephalitist okozott ez a kórokozó. A különböző élőhelyeken található kullancsok és gazdáik fertőzöttségének mértéke, eloszlása és a fertőzés mechanizmusa nem tisztázott még. A B. miyamotoi elsősorban lázat okoz, ami miatt más, kullancsok által terjesztett fertőzésekkel is összetéveszthető. Az utóbbi évek intenzív vizsgálatai alapján nemcsak egyre több földrajzi régióból mutatják ki ezt a baktériumot kullancsokból, de folyamatosan növekszik a publikált humán esetszám is, ezért növek-vő jelentőségű (emerging) kórokozóként tartják számon. Irodalmi áttekintésünkben összegezzük az eddigi ismereteinket a Borrelia miyamotoi-val kapcsolatban. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(29): 1124-1130. Kulcsszavak: Borrelia miyamotoi, kullancs, visszatérő láz, kullancs által terjesztett fertőzések Borrelia miyamotoi: a recently identified human pathogenic tick-borne relapsing fever spirocheteBorrelia miyamotoi is a recently described relapsing fever spirochete transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex. This pathogen is different from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (the Lyme borreliosis spirochetes) in its epidemiology, ecology and also genetics. Over 50 patients have been described worldwide with Borrelia miyamotoi disease, and three immunocompromised patients were reported with neurological symptoms. Our knowledge about Borrelia miyamotoi infection in ticks and its distribution in different habitats and also the mechanism of the infection is limited. The most common symptom is fever; thus it can be easily confused with other tick-borne diseases. Due to the intensive research in recent years, Borrelia miyamotoi infection in ticks and hosts has been reported from different regions and also the number of patients is increasing, thus this bacterium is considered as an emerging pathogen. In this literature review we would like to summarize the available knowledge about this spirochete.

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Prevalence, Diversity, and Load of Borrelia species in Ticks That Have Fed on Humans in Regions of Sweden and Åland Islands, Finland with Different Lyme Borreliosis Incidences

Cited by 70 publications

References 37 publications

Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Study of a Cohort of 1,886 Persons To Determine Changes in Antibody Reactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi 3 Months after a Tick Bite

Borrelia miyamotoi: egy újabb, humán patogén, kullancs által terjesztett, visszatérő lázat okozó baktérium

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