Prevalence, distribution and risk factors of farmer reported swine influenza infection in Guangdong Province, China

Li, Yin; Edwards, John; Wang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Cai, Chang; Zhao, Mingqiu; Huang, Biao; Robertson, Ian D.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.03.011

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Early-infected pig houses (marked with red stars) in the farrow-to-weaning area (left) and the fattening area (right (Li et al, 2019). Thus, a major risk of introduction of infection to a farm from the outside may be through trucks.…”

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

African Swine Fever in a commercial pig farm: Outbreak investigation and an approach for identifying the source of infection

Salman

Shen

et al. 2020

Transbound. Emerg. Dis.

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African swine fever (ASF) is caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), a DNA virus which belongs to the family Asfarviridae (World Organisation for Animal Health, 2012). The clinical signs commonly seen in infected pigs include loss of appetite, inactivity, high fever (41 to 42°C), vomiting, bleeding from natural orifices and cutaneous hyperemia (Sanchez-Vizcaino, Mur, Gomez-Villamandos, & Carrasco, 2015). Although low mortality is occasionally found in some cases, the case-fatality rate can be as high as 100% for highly virulent strains (Sanchez-Vizcaino et al., 2015). Due to the significant socioeconomic impacts of ASF, it is listed as one of the notifiable diseases by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (Chenais et al.

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Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

African Swine Fever in a commercial pig farm: Outbreak investigation and an approach for identifying the source of infection

Salman

Shen

et al. 2020

Transbound. Emerg. Dis.

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“…vehicles, equipment and clothing) and people (Grontvedt et al, ; Lauterbach et al, ). A previous study in southern China highlighted the use of poor biosecurity practices by local pig farmers when selling pigs as less than half of the farms implemented an ‘all‐in‐all‐out’ practice for pigs in a pen; thirty per cent of buyers entered a piggery to select and collect pigs; and only about half of the surveyed farms always required all external vehicles to be disinfected (Li et al, ). These behaviours in pig trade have the potential to facilitate the spread of contagious diseases via live pig trade networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pig trade networks through live pig markets in Guangdong Province, China

Huang

Shen

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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This study used social network analysis to investigate the indirect contact network between counties through the movement of live pigs through four wholesale live pig markets in Guangdong Province, China. All 14,118 trade records for January and June 2016 were collected from the markets and the patterns of pig trade in these markets analysed. Maps were developed to show the movement pathways. Evaluating the network between source counties was the primary objective of this study. A 1-mode network was developed. Characteristics of the trading network were explored, and the degree, betweenness and closeness were calculated for each source county.Models were developed to compare the impacts of different disease control strategies on the potential magnitude of an epidemic spreading through this network. The results show that pigs from 151 counties were delivered to the four wholesale live pig markets in January and/or June 2016. More batches (truckloads of pigs sourced from one or more piggeries) were traded in these markets in January (8,001) than in June 2016 (6,117). The pigs were predominantly sourced from counties inside Guangdong Province (90%), along with counties in Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian and Henan provinces. The major source counties (46 in total) contributed 94% of the total batches during the two-month study period. Pigs were sourced from piggeries located 10 to 1,417 km from the markets. The distribution of the nodes' degrees in both January and June indicates a free-scale network property, and the network in January had a higher clustering coefficient (0.54 vs. 0.39) and a shorter average pathway length (1.91 vs. 2.06) than that in June. The most connected counties of the network were in the central, northern and western regions of Guangdong Province.Compared with randomly removing counties from the network, eliminating counties with higher betweenness, degree or closeness resulted in a greater reduction of the magnitude of a potential epidemic. The findings of this study can be used to inform targeted control interventions for disease spread through this live pig market trade network in south China. K E Y W O R D Sanimal movement, disease control, new intervention strategies, social network, veterinary epidemiology 2 | LI et aL.

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“…The interviews with pig farmers were undertaken in July and August 2015, and the meetings with pig traders and employees of pig traders were undertaken in June 2018. The sampling strategy used for selecting pig farmers was described in detail in a previous study (Li et al, 2019). In brief, client lists of consultants who were offering veterinary services to pig farms in the province were used as a sampling frame, and on average, seven farms were randomly selected from each of the 21 prefectures in the province.…”

Section: Sampling Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contacts between local pig farmers and their pigs have been reported in another study and were not repeated in this study (Li et al, 2019). Trade practices of traders and trade workers were analysed using R software (version 3.0.2) (R Core Team, 2018).…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pig farmers and traders in China have been found to have a higher risk of getting infected by swine/poultry influenza viruses (Ma et al, 2015;Zhou et al, 2014) than people who don't work in the livestock industry. Contacts between pig farmers, pigs, birds and dogs/cats have been highlighted in a recently published study (Li et al, 2019) with 93% of respondents saying that workers lived on-site at the piggery with 29% of farms providing accommodation for staff immediately adjacent to pig houses. However, contacts between pig industry workers and pigs have been rarely studied and the knowledge and beliefs of Chinese pig industry workers about SI are not known.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Risk of zoonotic transmission of swine influenza at the human–pig interface in Guangdong Province, China

Edwards

Huang

et al. 2020

Zoonoses and Public Health

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A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from 2015 to 2018 to assess the risk of zoonotic influenza to humans at the human–pig interface in Guangdong Province, south China. One hundred and fifty‐three pig farmers, 21 pig traders and 16 pig trade workers were recruited using convenience sampling and surveyed at local pig farms, live pig markets and slaughterhouses, respectively. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on the biosecurity and trading practices adopted and their knowledge and beliefs about swine influenza (SI). Most (12 of 16) trade workers said they would enter piggeries to collect pigs and only six of 11 said they were always asked to go through an on‐farm disinfection procedure before entry. Only 33.7% of the interviewees believed that SI could infect humans, although pig farmers were more likely to believe this than traders and trade workers (p < .01). Several unsafe practices were reported by interviewees. ‘Having vaccination against seasonal flu’ (OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.19–8.93), ‘Believe that SI can cause death in pigs’ (no/yes: OR = 8.69, 95% CI: 2.71–36.57; not sure/yes: OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.63–14.63) and ‘Keep on working when getting mild flu symptoms’ (OR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.38–11.46) were significantly and positively correlated to ‘lacking awareness of the zoonotic risk of SI’. ‘Lacking awareness of the zoonotic risk of SI’ (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.67–6.21), ‘Keep on working when getting mild flu symptoms’ (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 1.57–8.63) and ‘Don't know SI as a pig disease’ (OR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.02–16.45) were significantly and positively correlated to ‘not using personal protective equipment when contacting pigs’. The findings of this study would benefit risk mitigation against potential pandemic SI threats in the human–pig interface in China.

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Prevalence, distribution and risk factors of farmer reported swine influenza infection in Guangdong Province, China

Cited by 9 publications

References 47 publications

African Swine Fever in a commercial pig farm: Outbreak investigation and an approach for identifying the source of infection

African Swine Fever in a commercial pig farm: Outbreak investigation and an approach for identifying the source of infection

Pig trade networks through live pig markets in Guangdong Province, China

Risk of zoonotic transmission of swine influenza at the human–pig interface in Guangdong Province, China

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