Prevalence, clinical features, and causes of epistaxis in dogs: 176 cases (1996–2001)

Abstract

Results suggested that epistaxis was a common disorder in dogs and frequently regarded as an emergency. Local causes of epistaxis were predominant, but clinical features traditionally thought to be helpful in distinguishing local versus systemic causes could not be reliably used for this purpose.

Characteristics of canine nasal discharge related to intranasal diseases: a retrospective study of 105 cases

“…These findings indicate that aetiologies are not necessarily associated with certain discharge qualities, but recurring patterns can be recognised. Although one study reported no correlation between underlying diseases and clinical signs (Meler et al 2008), a frequent association between NNP and mainly haemorrhagic discharge has been described, which is similar to the present findings (Tasker et al 1999, Lefebvre et al 2005, Rassnick et al 2006, Bissett et al 2007, Lobetti 2009, Turek & Lana 2013.…”

ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats

“…Furthermore, cats with secondary hypertension because of other causes (eg, CKD) may die of cardiovascular complications, as frequently is the case in hypertensive people . Epistaxis, because of hypertension‐induced vascular abnormalities, has been associated with systemic hypertension but hypertension rarely is the primary cause of epistaxis in either species . Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection are rare and serious complications of hypertension reported in both dogs and cats, and typically require a high index of suspicion and advanced imaging to diagnose …”

Epistaxis: some aspects of laterality in 326 patients

“…We have identified in our patients seven major risk factors. Very different causes, comorbidities and risk factors are given in the literature [1,3,7,10,12,14,22,27]. This is an indication that the pathogenesis of nosebleed is still not fully resolved.…”

“…In the literature, there are only a few studies which take the laterality of epistaxis into account [2,3,11,12,25]. Most studies do not register laterality in their statistical surveys [2,6,7,10,13,15,17,19,22,23,28].…”