Prevalence, antibiotic-resistance properties and enterotoxin gene profile of &lt;i&gt;Bacillus cereus&lt;/i&gt; strains isolated from milk-based baby foods

Bacillus cereus is a common environmental foodborne microorganism that is mainly found to harbor toxigenic genes with multiple antibiotic resistances and is linked to threatening the safety of dried milk in concern to powdered infant milk formula. In the current investigation, the mean value of B. cereus in 140 samples of powdered milk was 0.57 × 102 ± 0.182 × 102, 0.15 × 102 ± 0.027 × 102, 0.21 × 102 ± 0.035 × 102, and 0.32 × 102 ± 0.072 × 102 CFU/g in a percentage of 64.0 samples of whole milk powder, 43.3 of skim milk powder, 26.7 of powdered infant milk formula and 36.7 milk–cereal-based infant formula, respectively. The results revealed that B. cereus isolates were found to harbor toxigenic genes in the following percentages: 77.8, 2.0, 72.7, 16.2, and 67.7 for nhe, hbl, cytK, ces, and bceT, respectively. Despite all evaluated B. cereus strains were originated from dairy powders, they showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in their harbored toxigenic cytK gene between whole and skim milk powders with powdered infant formula and milk–cereal-based infant formula, as well as between powdered infant formula and milk–cereal-based infant formula. All isolated B. cereus strains were resistant to cefoxitin, colistin sulfate, neomycin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, oxacillin, and penicillin. Based on the antimicrobial resistance of B. cereus strains to cephalothin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between powdered infant milk formula and whole milk powder strains. This survey is one of few studies proceeded in Egypt to determine the prevalence of toxigenic B. cereus strains in milk–cereal-based infant formula and powdered infant formula as well as skim milk powder.

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Prevalence of Bacillus cereus in dairy powders focusing on its toxigenic genes and antimicrobial resistance

Ibrahim

Hafiz

Saad

2022

Arch Microbiol

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Detection of toxin genes and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA typing of Bacillus cereus isolates from infant milk formulas

Lepsanovic

Djordjević

Lakicević

et al. 2018

Journal of Food Safety

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Bacillus cereus, a ubiquitous human foodborne pathogen, can persist in different environment, including dry conditions. In this study, we explored the genetic diversity of B. cereus isolates from infant milk formulas. Out of 83 samples, B. cereus was confirmed in 26 (31.3%). Isolates were resistant to penicillin G and ampicillin (100%), trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (84.6%), and erythromycin (3.8%). Ent, hbl, and cer genes were detected in 21 (80.8%), 2 (7.7%), and 11 (42.3%) isolates, respectively. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, using set of three primers, provided an overall genetic distance of 95% between B. cereus isolates. A group of seven emetic strains and another two enterotoxic strains were indistinguishable by RAPD, revealing their high clonality. In conclusion, we detected a high proportion of pathogenic B. cereus isolates in infant milk formulas. The majority of isolates harboring both cer and ent genes showed high clonality, pointing food processing environment as probable contamination source.Practical applicationsDetection of Bacillus cereus in powdered infant milk formulas, the prevalence of emetic and diarrhegenic genes, and especially the simultaneous presence of both types of genes in the same isolate, confirm the importance of B. cereus as foodborne pathogen. The consumption of contaminated formula may cause serious health problems in babies, which emphasizes the need to improve B. cereus monitoring and characterization. The clonal relationship between strains, revealed by RAPD analysis, may point to the source of infection and the corresponding prevention measures to improve food safety. Moreover, the identical RAPD profile of cer positive strains obtained with AG15 primer enables the application of this analysis in screening for emetic B. cereus isolates.

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Prevalence, antibiotic-resistance properties and enterotoxin gene profile of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> strains isolated from milk-based baby foods

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Prevalence of Bacillus cereus in dairy powders focusing on its toxigenic genes and antimicrobial resistance

Prevalence of Bacillus cereus in dairy powders focusing on its toxigenic genes and antimicrobial resistance

Detection of toxin genes and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA typing of Bacillus cereus isolates from infant milk formulas

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