Prevalence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on Bangladeshi banknotes

Akter, Selina; Roy, Pravas Chandra; Ferdaus, Amina; Ibnat, Habiba; Alam, A. S. M. Rubayet Ul; Nigar, Shireen; Jahid, Iqbal Kabir; Hossain, Md. Anwar

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146133

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In Italy, surfaces were samples 2-3 months after the national epidemic peak [27]. No information was found in the other studies [30,[57][58][59].…”

Section: Public Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were no attempts to detect infectious virus (Table 3). In seven of eight studies, it was not described if any of the sampled surfaces was cleaned or disinfected before the sampling took place [11,27,30,[55][56][57]59]. In one study, however, samples were taken four hours after surface disinfection with 1000 ppm sodium hypochlorite [58].…”

Section: Public Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, in one study, it was described that surface disinfection was initiated in a public building after the positive results were communicated, suggesting that surface disinfection was not done routinely [11]. The public availability of hand sanitizers was not described in any of the studies [11,27,30,[55][56][57][58][59].…”

Section: Public Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

SARS-CoV-2 Detection Rates from Surface Samples Do Not Implicate Public Surfaces as Relevant Sources for Transmission

Kampf

Pfaender

Goldman

et al. 2021

Hygiene

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Contaminated surfaces have been discussed as a possible source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Under experimental conditions, SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious on surfaces for several days. However, the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 detection on surfaces in healthcare settings and the public is currently not known. A systematic literature review was performed. On surfaces around COVID-19 cases in healthcare settings (42 studies), the SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection rates mostly were between 0% and 27% (Ct values mostly > 30). Detection of infectious SARS-CoV-2 was only successful in one of seven studies in 9.2% of 76 samples. Most of the positive samples were obtained next to a patient with frequent sputum spitting during sampling. Eight studies were found with data from public surfaces and RNA detection rates between 0% and 22.1% (Ct values mostly > 30). Detection of infectious virus was not attempted. Similar results were found in samples from surfaces around confirmed COVID-19 cases in non-healthcare settings (7 studies) and from personal protective equipment (10 studies). Therefore, it seems plausible to assume that inanimate surfaces are not a relevant source for transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In public settings, the associated risks of regular surface disinfection probably outweigh the expectable health benefits.

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“…In Italy, surfaces were samples 2-3 months after the national epidemic peak [27]. No information was found in the other studies [30,[57][58][59].…”

Section: Public Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Public Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

SARS-CoV-2 Detection Rates from Surface Samples Do Not Implicate Public Surfaces as Relevant Sources for Transmission

Kampf

Pfaender

Goldman

et al. 2021

Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The virus was much more stable at 4˚C. However, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on credit card or coin has not been reported, and there has been a lack of environmental testing outside of the laboratory, with the exception of a study in Bangledesh reporting detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on approximately 7% of circulating banknotes [38,39]. In order to better understand the risk of paper money versus credit cards as fomites for SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S.A., the stability of the virus on U.S.A $1 banknotes, coin and money cards in the laboratory is studied herein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental currency and money cards in Utah reveals a lack of live virus

et al. 2022

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The highly contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2 has led to several studies on the transmission of the virus. A little studied potential fomite of great concern in the community is currency, which has been shown to harbor microbial pathogens in several studies. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many businesses in the United States have limited the use of banknotes in favor of credit cards. However, SARS-CoV-2 has shown greater stability on plastic in several studies. Herein, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 at room temperature on banknotes, money cards and coins was investigated. In vitro studies with live virus suggested SARS-CoV-2 was highly unstable on banknotes, showing an initial rapid reduction in viable virus and no viral detection by 24 hours. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 displayed increased stability on money cards with live virus detected after 48 hours. Environmental swabbing of currency and money cards on and near the campus of Brigham Young University supported these results, with no detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on banknotes, and a low level on money cards. However, no viable virus was detected on either. These preliminary results suggest that the use of money cards over banknotes in order to slow the spread of this virus may be ill-advised. These findings should be investigated further through larger environmental studies involving more locations.

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“…Despite the fear and speculations, to the best of our knowledge, there is scarcity of studies looking for the carriage of SARS-CoV-2 on the surface of currency in circulation in community. Only a recent study from Bangladesh reported presence of SARS-CoV-2 in approximately 7% of currency samples collected from the community (Akter et al, 2021). Therefore, the present study was performed to screen the Bahraini currency in circulation in the community for any potential carriage of SARS-CoV-2 by screening by Rapid Antigen Detection Test (RADT) and Real-time PCR (RT-PCR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot study screening bank currency in community circulation for potential carriage of SARS-CoV-2: how safe handling the currency is?

Shahid

Deifalla

Ismaeel

et al. 2022

AGJSR

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Purpose: Currency seems to represent an important vehicle for transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, thus a potential in affecting the public health. Digital transactions are more common in developed countries; however, handling cash currency is still very common in many countries including Bahrain. A recent study from Australia reported that SARS-CoV-2 may survive for 28 days on smooth surfaces (including banknotes), however the study was purely experimental and done in controlled laboratory environment. There were worldwide speculations suggesting the possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection through currency notes. A recent study from Bangladesh reported presence of SARS-CoV-2 in approximately 7% of currency samples collected from the community. No such study has been performed on Bahraini currency, so the present study was proposed to screen the cash currency in circulation in Bahrain for the possible presence of SARS-CoV-2. Method: We collected notes and coins of Bahraini currency and a few of Saudi riyals from different public sources of currency exchange. Two time points were selected for collection when percentage of tested positive cases was on its peak. All the samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigen with rapid antigen detection kit and qRT-PCR method. For initial validation, 5 samples each of potential SARS-CoV-2 RNAs extracted from known positive cases and 5 samples of extracted RNA from known negative persons were tested by rapid antigen detection kit and qRT-PCR. The results of qRT-PCR were interpreted as per the interpretation chart provided by the supplier. Results: During the study period, a total of 250 currency samples were collected including different denominations of currency notes and coins. Majority of the currency samples were collected from grocery stores followed by food outlets. Following validation, the currency samples were tested, and all turned negative for SARS-CoV-2 by rapid antigen detection test as well as by RT-PCR. Conclusion: This study predicts on Bahraini currency posing no threat of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via currency exchange.

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Prevalence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on Bangladeshi banknotes

Abstract: doi: medRxiv preprint NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice.

Cited by 17 publications

References 46 publications

SARS-CoV-2 Detection Rates from Surface Samples Do Not Implicate Public Surfaces as Relevant Sources for Transmission

SARS-CoV-2 Detection Rates from Surface Samples Do Not Implicate Public Surfaces as Relevant Sources for Transmission

Presence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental currency and money cards in Utah reveals a lack of live virus

A Pilot study screening bank currency in community circulation for potential carriage of SARS-CoV-2: how safe handling the currency is?

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