Prevalence and social correlates of postnatal depression in a low income country

Poverty and postnatal depression: a systematic mapping of the evidence from low and lower middle income countries

“…Just one study, from Pakistan, did not find an association (Husain et al, 2006b). A clue to better ways of framing and capturing economic stress in research -moving beyond simplistic income measures -is to be found in the two qualitative studies included in our mapping, one from Vietnam (Niemi et al, 2010;Rodrigues et al, 2003) and one from India .…”

“…p.209 (Nakku et al, 2006) "profession, education and income were also recorded to enable classification of socioeconomic status …i.e. high socioeconomic class (HSEC), middle socioeconomic class (MSEC) and low socioeconomic class (LSEC) (Nagpal et al, 2008) Income / Finances/ Assets and housing Household income Black et al, 2007;Chersich et al, 2009;Gao et al, 2009;Nhiwatiwa et al, 1998;Xie et al, 2009) Family income (Chandran et al, 2002{Husain, 2006#4023{Pollock, 2009#119{Savarimuthu, 2009 trading/civil servant/unemployed/student (Nigeria) (Adeyemi et al, 2008) Hunger "Had been hungry during past month because of lack of money" (India) (Patel et al, 2002) 19 Husain et al, 2006b; Financial difficulties (Pollock et al, 2009) (Abiodun, 2006;Alami et al, 2006;Ho-Yen et al, 2007;Patel et al, 2002;Pollock et al, 2009) - (Abiodun, 2006) (Husain et al, 2006b) Human capital Maternal education - (Black et al, 2009;Black et al, 2007;Fisher et al, 2004;Gao et al, 2009;Gausia et al, 2009;Ho-Yen et al, 2007;Patel et al, 2002;Pollock et al, 2009;Savarimuthu et al, 2009) - (Abiodun, 2006) (Agoub et al, 2005;Alami et al, 2006;Mariam & Srinivasan, 2009; Paternal employment Rahman, Iqbal et al 2003) (Fisher et al, 2004Patel et al, 2002 20 …”

“…Early studies (Stern & Kruckman, 1983) hypothesised that PND was largely absent in "non-Western" contexts, due to greater social support during the postpartum. Recent evidence suggests that levels of PND in low and middle income countries may be even higher than the 10-15% estimated for HICs (Affonso et al, 2000;Husain et al, 2006a;O'Hara & Swain, 1996;Ross & McLean, 2006;Savarimuthu et al, 2010). PND in low and lower middle income countries (LLMICs) is a public health problem with substantial impacts on maternal, pregnancy-related and infant mortality and morbidity that is under-acknowledged and researched.…”

Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review

“…Most of the articles containing such data (9/13, 69%) were published after 2002. Patel et al, 40 Husain et al 32 and Liabsuetrakul et al 52 generated evidence about risks, including the risk of antenatal depression for postnatal depression, and Fatoye et al 53 compared symptoms in pregnant and non-pregnant women. None of these studies reported on the prevalence of common mental disorders during pregnancy.…”

“…The most representative samples are those recruited through rural health services in countries where more than 80% of women give birth with a skilled birth attendant, 23,25,26,48,49 or through household visits in settings where women commonly give birth at home,. 32,36,45 Samples obtained differently may have yielded inaccurate prevalence estimates ( Fig. 2 and Table 4).…”