Prevalence and Serotype Specificity of Rotavirus Antibodies in Different Age Groups of Ecuadorian Infants

Brüssow, Harald; Sidoti, Josette; Barclay, Denis; Sotek, Jan; Dirren, Henri; Freire, Wilma B.

doi:10.1093/infdis/162.3.615

Cited by 26 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Rotavirus-specific IgM, IgA, IgG, and IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) were detected by indirect EIA by protocols adapted from previous studies (8)(9)(10). Briefly, 96-well Immuno II plates (Nagle Nunc, Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with rhesus rotavirus (10 5 focus-forming units/well) in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) overnight at 4°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Antibody Responses in Children with Rotavirus Diarrhea Can Serve as Proxy for Protection

Dennehy

Keyserling

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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We examined sera from 42 patients 1 to 30 months of age for rotavirus immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, IgG, and IgG subclasses and sought to determine if serum antibody could serve as a reliable marker for prediction of disease severity. Infants in the first few months of life usually had high maternal IgG titers and, when they were infected with rotavirus, had low IgM titers or no IgM in acute-phase sera and poor seroconversions 3 weeks later, suggesting that maternal antibodies had inhibited viral replication and antibody responses. All patients >6 months of age had IgM in acute-phase sera, indicating that IgM is a good marker for acute rotavirus infection. IgG was the best overall predictor of an infection, as the convalescent-phase sera of 81% of the patients had a fourfold rise in the IgG titer. IgA titers in convalescent-phase sera and conversion rates were higher among patients >12 months of age than among children younger than 12 months. IgG1 was the predominant subclass detected in the acute-phase sera of some children and in all 28 convalescent-phase serum samples examined. Patients with preexisting acute-phase IgG titers of >100 or >200 had diarrhea that was less severe or of a shorter duration. These results indicate that serum IgG is the most reliable marker for seroconversion and is a consistent proxy for protection against severe disease.Previous studies have demonstrated that children infected with rotavirus develop systemic and local immune responses and are protected from severe disease upon reinfection (5, 6, 22, 38). However, our understanding of the true correlates of protection, essential for vaccine development, and the mechanisms of protection is still incomplete. At present, antibodies are generally considered a good marker for infection and a proxy for protection, but which antibodies (intestinal or serum, or both) are needed for protection remains unclear (25). While local immunity in the gut is believed to play a key role in protection, measurement of a local immune response in children is a challenge. Coproantibodies are subject to proteolytic degradation and are not considered a reliable marker for infection, and intestinal fluids are difficult to obtain from children, so we are left with measuring serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) titers as a proxy for local immunity (7,18,25,36). Because of differences among the reagents and assays used in different laboratories and the lack of detailed clinical information concerning individual patients in most studies (4,12,13,24,30,32,37), diverse opinions exist about the responses and roles of serum antibodies in children with acute rotavirus diarrhea.IgG is the most abundant Ig isotype and constitutes approximately 80% of the total Igs in human sera. The four IgG subclasses, IgG1 to IgG4, have different physiochemical, biological, and functional properties, such as the ability to activate complements (IgG1 and IgG3) and to cross the placenta and mediate opsonization of antigens by macrophages and neutrophils (IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4) (16). Measurement of...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Antibody Responses in Children with Rotavirus Diarrhea Can Serve as Proxy for Protection

Dennehy

Keyserling

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Recent molecular epidemiological studies have now shown that although four serotypes are responsible for the majority of human disease globally, and it is these four to which a vaccine is being developed, other serotypes are not uncommon in many areas [31,32] including Sa4 o Paulo [33]. Seroepidemiological studies which examine age-specific rates of infection with different serotypes [34,35] will give more insight into rates of transmission and interactions between these four, and other serotypes less prevalent in humans, especially now that EIA assays, more appropriate for population-based studies as opposed to plaque neutralization tests, have been developed [12,36].…”

Section: Studies In Sa4 O Paulo Brazil Have Identified Rotavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiology of group A rotavirus in suburban São Paulo, Brazil

Cox

Azevedo²,

Nokes³

et al. 1998

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYAge-specific patterns of rotavirus infection were investigated using a randomly selected and representative sample of sera from a suburban community of Sa4 o Paulo, Brazil screened for class-specific antibodies to group A rotavirus. Age-serology of anti-rotavirus IgG showed primary infection predominant in young infants with a median age of around 18 months consistent with IgM serology suggesting highest rates of recent infection between ages 4 and 48 months. Anti-rotavirus serum IgA prevalence increased gradually with age. Paired samples from infants, collected 1 month apart, indicated high exposure rates with seroconversion occurring in several infants during the reported low transmission season. Between 5 and 10 % of adults had elevated IgM levels indicative of recent infection and, potentially, of an important contribution adults may play to rotavirus transmission. Further understanding of the dynamics of rotavirus transmission within populations, at group and serotype level, would benefit the design and monitoring of future immunization programmes.

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“…In contrast, the sera from the Ecuadorian children showed a substantially higher prevalence of neutralizing antibody to serotype 8, although its prevalence is still lower than to any of the four established human rotavirus serotypes [13]. Except in Indonesia, the epidemiological importance of serotype 8 human rotavirus has not yet been investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…When the number of infected cells was reduced by 90 % in comparison with virus-infected control cells the serum sample was said to be neutralizing. When A total of 550 (63 %) of 870 sera from Ecuadorian children neutralized at least one of the four serotypes and 476 sera (55%) neutralized human serotype 4 rotavirus [13]. Overall 190 out of 870 Ecuadorian sera tested (22 %) neutralized serotype 8 human rotavirus 69M and 149 sera (17 %) neutralized serotype 8 bovine rotavirus 678.…”

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Antibody to serotype 8 rotavirus in Ecuadorian and German children

Brüssow

Sidoti

1991

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYOnly 2 out of 71 German patients infected with rotavirus (3%) and 8 out of 147 German control patients (5%) showed serum antibody to the new serotype 8 rotavirus. Such antibody was detected in the sera of 232 of 870 Ecuadorian children (27 %). Twelve Ecuadorian sera showed neutralizing activity only against serotype 8 and not to the other serotypes (1-4) tested, indicating that human serotype 8 rotavirus circulates in South America.Rotavirus is a major cause of infectious gastroenteritis in children. Six serotypes of rotavirus have been identified in children: 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 9 [1]. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the serotype-specific capsid glycoprotein, VP7, of all six human serotypes has been determined [2,3]. Gene sequencing defined nine regions of VP7 which are variable across rotavirus serotypes established by crossneutralization tests using animal hyperimmune sera. It is however still controversial whether antibody responses in children distinguish these six serotypes. Homotypic [4] and heterotypic [5][6][7] antibody responses have been reported after natural rotavirus infection. Up to now analysis has been restricted to serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 whose epidemiological importance has been established. In the present report we extend this analysis to serotype 8 rotaviruses, represented by rotavirus strain 69M, which was isolated from an Indonesian child with gastroenteritis [8] and strain 678, which was isolated from a British calf with diarrhoea [9].A population-based serum collection from Ecuadorian children obtained during a representative nutritional and health survey in Ecuador [10] and a hospitalbased serum collection from the University Children's Hospital at Bochum, West Germany (but excluding gastroenteritis patients) were screened for the presence of neutralizing antibody to serotype 8 rotavirus at a 1:90 serum dilution in the neutralization test described by Gerna and colleagues [11]. When the number of infected cells was reduced by 90 % in comparison with virus-infected control cells the serum sample was said to be neutralizing. When the number of infected cells was only reduced by 50 %, the serum sample was said to be partially neutralizing. Both serum collections and the prevalence of neutralizing antibody to serotype 1-4 human rotavirus have been described previously [12,13].

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Prevalence and Serotype Specificity of Rotavirus Antibodies in Different Age Groups of Ecuadorian Infants

Cited by 26 publications

References 22 publications

Serum Antibody Responses in Children with Rotavirus Diarrhea Can Serve as Proxy for Protection

Serum Antibody Responses in Children with Rotavirus Diarrhea Can Serve as Proxy for Protection

Seroepidemiology of group A rotavirus in suburban São Paulo, Brazil

Antibody to serotype 8 rotavirus in Ecuadorian and German children

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