Prevalence and risk factors of myopic maculopathy: a cross-sectional study in Han and Uygur adults in Xinjiang, China

Abstract

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence, ethnic differences and associated risk factors of myopic maculopathy in Han and Uygur adults in Xinjiang, China.Design and settingA cross-sectional study with multistage, stratified cluster sampling method was conducted in Xinjiang, China.ParticipantsA total of 4023 Han and Uygur participants aged 40 years and older were eligible for the study.Outcome measuresThe association between myopic maculopathy and its risk factors was screened using the generalised estimating equation (GEE) model. We also investigated whether ethnic differences exist between Han and Uygur populations affected by myopic maculopathy. Myopic maculopathy was defined in accordance with International Photographic Classification and Grading System for Myopic Maculopathy.ResultsA total of 3044 subjects (5946 eyes) were included in our study (1736 Han and 1308 Uygur individuals). The participants consisted of 1256 (41.3%) men and 1788 (58.7%) women. The average age was 52.2±9.4 years, and the mean spherical equivalent (SE) was −0.18±2.31 dioptre (D). Myopic maculopathy was detected in 198 eyes of 138 participants. The age-adjusted prevalence of myopic maculopathy reached 5.8% (95% CI 4.8 to 6.8). In the GEE model, myopic maculopathy was significantly associated with old age (per year; OR: 1.16; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.19; p<0.001) and myopic SE (per −1 D; OR: 1.48; 95% CI 1.40 to 1.56; p<0.001). No ethnic differences were detected between Han (98, 5.7%) and Uygur population (40, 3.1%) in terms of the prevalence of myopic maculopathy (OR=0.89; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.48; p=0.64). Neither urbanisation (p=0.38) nor the level of education (p=0.92) was associated with myopic maculopathy.ConclusionsA high age-adjusted prevalence of myopic maculopathy was observed in Han and Uygur populations in Xinjiang, China. Old age and high degree of myopic refraction were independent risk factors for myopic maculopathy. No ethnic differences were detected in Han and Uygur populations affected by myopic maculopathy.

Global prevalence of myopic macular degeneration in general population and patients with high myopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Table 1 summarizes the basic characteristics of the included studies. Of the 16 studies, 11,13,[16][17][18][19][20][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] three were written in Chinese, [28][29][30] and the other 13 were written in English. Three studies only reported the prevalence of MMD in patients with high myopia, 20,28,30 five only reported the prevalence of MMD in the general population, 16,17,27,30,32 and eight reported the prevalence of MMD in both the general and high myopia populations.…”

“…Three studies only reported the prevalence of MMD in patients with high myopia, 20,28,30 five only reported the prevalence of MMD in the general population, 16,17,27,30,32 and eight reported the prevalence of MMD in both the general and high myopia populations. 11,13,18,19,26,29,31,34 In one study, 11 an axial length ≥26 mm was considered high myopia, and in the remaining studies, high myopia was defined as a diopter less than −5 or −6D (based on the author's self-reporting). Eleven studies were conducted in Asia, 11,13,16,18,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] three in Europe, 17,19,20 one in North America, 26 and one in Oceania.…”

“…11,13,18,19,26,29,31,34 In one study, 11 an axial length ≥26 mm was considered high myopia, and in the remaining studies, high myopia was defined as a diopter less than −5 or −6D (based on the author's self-reporting). Eleven studies were conducted in Asia, 11,13,16,18,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] three in Europe, 17,19,20 one in North America, 26 and one in Oceania. 34 All the studies clarified the definition of MMD.…”

“…More studies with larger sample sizes have been published in recent years. [17][18][19][20] Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the global prevalence of MMD in the general population and in patients with high myopia.…”

Global prevalence of myopic macular degeneration in general population and patients with high myopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Table 1 summarizes the basic characteristics of the included studies. Of the 16 studies, 11,13,[16][17][18][19][20][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] three were written in Chinese, [28][29][30] and the other 13 were written in English. Three studies only reported the prevalence of MMD in patients with high myopia, 20,28,30 five only reported the prevalence of MMD in the general population, 16,17,27,30,32 and eight reported the prevalence of MMD in both the general and high myopia populations.…”

“…Three studies only reported the prevalence of MMD in patients with high myopia, 20,28,30 five only reported the prevalence of MMD in the general population, 16,17,27,30,32 and eight reported the prevalence of MMD in both the general and high myopia populations. 11,13,18,19,26,29,31,34 In one study, 11 an axial length ≥26 mm was considered high myopia, and in the remaining studies, high myopia was defined as a diopter less than −5 or −6D (based on the author's self-reporting). Eleven studies were conducted in Asia, 11,13,16,18,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] three in Europe, 17,19,20 one in North America, 26 and one in Oceania.…”

“…11,13,18,19,26,29,31,34 In one study, 11 an axial length ≥26 mm was considered high myopia, and in the remaining studies, high myopia was defined as a diopter less than −5 or −6D (based on the author's self-reporting). Eleven studies were conducted in Asia, 11,13,16,18,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] three in Europe, 17,19,20 one in North America, 26 and one in Oceania. 34 All the studies clarified the definition of MMD.…”

“…More studies with larger sample sizes have been published in recent years. [17][18][19][20] Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the global prevalence of MMD in the general population and in patients with high myopia.…”

Global prevalence of myopic macular degeneration in general population and patients with high myopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Table 1 summarizes the basic characteristics of the included studies. Of the 16 studies, 11,13,[16][17][18][19][20][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] three were written in Chinese, [28][29][30] and the other 13 were written in English. Three studies only reported the prevalence of MMD in patients with high myopia, 20,28,30 five only reported the prevalence of MMD in the general population, 16,17,27,30,32 and eight reported the prevalence of MMD in both the general and high myopia populations.…”

“…Three studies only reported the prevalence of MMD in patients with high myopia, 20,28,30 five only reported the prevalence of MMD in the general population, 16,17,27,30,32 and eight reported the prevalence of MMD in both the general and high myopia populations. 11,13,18,19,26,29,31,34 In one study, 11 an axial length ≥26 mm was considered high myopia, and in the remaining studies, high myopia was defined as a diopter less than −5 or −6D (based on the author's self-reporting). Eleven studies were conducted in Asia, 11,13,16,18,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] three in Europe, 17,19,20 one in North America, 26 and one in Oceania.…”

“…11,13,18,19,26,29,31,34 In one study, 11 an axial length ≥26 mm was considered high myopia, and in the remaining studies, high myopia was defined as a diopter less than −5 or −6D (based on the author's self-reporting). Eleven studies were conducted in Asia, 11,13,16,18,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] three in Europe, 17,19,20 one in North America, 26 and one in Oceania. 34 All the studies clarified the definition of MMD.…”

“…More studies with larger sample sizes have been published in recent years. [17][18][19][20] Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the global prevalence of MMD in the general population and in patients with high myopia.…”

Global prevalence of myopic macular degeneration in general population and patients with high myopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Table 1 summarizes the basic characteristics of the included studies. Of the 16 studies, 11,13,[16][17][18][19][20][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] three were written in Chinese, [28][29][30] and the other 13 were written in English. Three studies only reported the prevalence of MMD in patients with high myopia, 20,28,30 five only reported the prevalence of MMD in the general population, 16,17,27,30,32 and eight reported the prevalence of MMD in both the general and high myopia populations.…”

“…Three studies only reported the prevalence of MMD in patients with high myopia, 20,28,30 five only reported the prevalence of MMD in the general population, 16,17,27,30,32 and eight reported the prevalence of MMD in both the general and high myopia populations. 11,13,18,19,26,29,31,34 In one study, 11 an axial length ≥26 mm was considered high myopia, and in the remaining studies, high myopia was defined as a diopter less than −5 or −6D (based on the author's self-reporting). Eleven studies were conducted in Asia, 11,13,16,18,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] three in Europe, 17,19,20 one in North America, 26 and one in Oceania.…”

“…11,13,18,19,26,29,31,34 In one study, 11 an axial length ≥26 mm was considered high myopia, and in the remaining studies, high myopia was defined as a diopter less than −5 or −6D (based on the author's self-reporting). Eleven studies were conducted in Asia, 11,13,16,18,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] three in Europe, 17,19,20 one in North America, 26 and one in Oceania. 34 All the studies clarified the definition of MMD.…”

“…More studies with larger sample sizes have been published in recent years. [17][18][19][20] Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the global prevalence of MMD in the general population and in patients with high myopia.…”