Prevalence and risk factors of bovine viral diarrhea in Colombian cattle

Abstract

Background and Aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is present in most cattle-raising countries around the world, and it has a negative economic impact in cattle herds. In Colombia, previous studies have estimated the prevalence of BVDV in specific locations. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BVDV in cattle herds located at several municipalities across the country and to identify the associated risk and protective factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of BVDV in Colombian cattle populations at farm and animal-levels. A total of 387 herds and 8110 animals located in seven different departments were included in this study. Results: An animal- and farm-level prevalence of 36% and 69%, respectively, were estimated. A high variation for the farm-level prevalence was found among the municipalities studied. Moreover, seropositive cattle to the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (odds ratio (OR)=2.38, p=0.0479) and Neospora caninum (OR=3.15, p=0.0122) were more likely to be seropositive for BVDV, while the practice of burning dead animals at the farm was identified as a protective factor (OR=0.17, p=0.014). Conclusion: The prevalence of BVDV varied more at farm-level compared to animal-level. Two risk factors and one protective factor were identified. The results of the current study are essential to understand the epidemiology of BVDV in Colombia, and to formulate strategies in the region to mitigate the impact of this virus on the productive and reproductive indicators of cattle farms at the regional level.

Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Its Associated Risk Factors in Dairy Cattle in and Around Assela Town, South East Ethiopia

“…On the other hand, the present nding was lower than the nding reported by [25], [24] and [26] with seroprevalence of 32.6%, 32.9% and 51.9%, respectively in dairy cattle in Ethiopian. The present nding also disagrees with reported seroprevalence of 19.8% in Kenya, 27% in Ecuador, 36% in Colombia, and 40% in Egypt by [35], [36], [37] and [38] respectively in different parts of the world. However, the present nding was higher prevalence compare to the prevalence of 2.2% and 7.76% reported by [39] and [40] in Nepal, respectively.…”

“…This nding disagree with 69.8% and 95.6% herd seroprevalence were reported by [25,26] respectively in Ethiopia. This nding also disagree with herd seroprevalence of 65.5% in Brazil, 66% in Great Britain, 69% in Colombia and 92% in Cameron were reported by [58], [59], [37], and [49] respectively in different parts of the world. This might be due to their sampling focused on dairy animals with history of reproductive disorders.…”

The Epidemiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Good to medium hygiene and burying dead animals were reported as risk factors. Burning of dead animals rather than burying or disposal was reported as a protective factor, as this process successfully eliminates BVDV ( 80 ). Although not common across all production systems, some studies highlighted that breeding practices [artificial insemination (AI) and natural breeding programs] were risk factors to BVDV in dairy farms.…”

“…Similarly, in our review, the presence of other diseases, such as neosporosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis, and mastitis ( Supplementary Table S3 ), was studied alongside BVDV. One of the studies by Ortega et al ( 80 ) indicated that the presence of other diseases causing abortion were risk factors to BVDV. They reported that giving animals ivermectin, concentrated feed supplement, and organophosphates was a protective factor in farms.…”

Epidemiology of Pestivirus H in Brazil and Its Control Implications

“…All these factors hamper a comprehensive understanding of the true epidemiology of ruminant pestiviruses in the region. Despite these challenges, many countries in South America have reported BVDV types 1 and 2 and multiple subtypes within those viruses (18,(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59). Other than Brazil, Argentina is the only South American country that has documented the presence of HoBiPev.…”