Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Fowkes, F. G. R.; Evans, C. Lawrence; Lee, Amanda Jane

doi:10.1177/0003319701052001s02

Cited by 218 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

190

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Varicose veins (VV) are a disabilitying condition, representing a critical public health problem with economic and social consequences [1][2][3][4] . Prevalence is high, being about 20% to 73% in females and 15% to 56% in males [5][6] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of venous hemodynamics and quality of live at least five years after varicose vein stripping

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PURPOSE:To assess venous hemodynamics and quality of life at lest five years after varicose vein stripping. METHODS:We conducted a prospective study with 39 patients (63 limbs) with primary lower limbs varicose veins. Preoperatively, all patients were subjected to clinical evaluation, duplex ultrassound, air plethysmography (APG), and CIVIQ questionnaire of quality of life. By APG, venous filling index (VFI), ejection fraction (EF), and residual volume fraction (RVF) were determined. CIVIQ addresses four domains in course of 20 questions, including states of physical, social, and psychological well-being, and pain level. Varicose veins were treated by standard venous stripping. At least five years after surgery (77.9 ± 10.9 months), patients were reassessed and had clinical examination, duplex ultrasound, APG, and CIVIQ repeated. No late follow-up data was available for 24 patients. RESULTS:Preoperative and late postoperative VFI levels were similar, whereas EF (P=0.05) and RVF (P=0.01), as hemodynamic variables, significantly improved following surgery. In the late postoperative period, overall CIVIQ scores were significantly lower (P=0.005), as were scores in all four domains: pain (P=0.001), physical (P=0.007), social (P=0.008), and psychological (P= 0.05). CONCLUSION:In a small prospective cohort, improvements in venous hemodynamics and in quality of life of patients submitted to standard varicose veins stripping were maintained five years after the procedure.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of venous hemodynamics and quality of live at least five years after varicose vein stripping

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…8 It has been estimated that Ϸ2.5 million people have CVI in the United States, and of those, Ϸ20% develop venous ulcers. 9 The overall prognosis of venous ulcers is poor, with delayed healing and recurrent ulceration being common.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

C hronic venous disease is often overlooked by primary and cardiovascular care providers because of an underappreciation of the magnitude and impact of the problem. The importance of chronic venous disease is related to the number of people with the disease and the socioeconomic impact of its more severe manifestations. Unfortunately, the literature concerning the prevalence and incidence of chronic venous disease has varied greatly because of differences in the methods of evaluation, criteria for definition, and the geographic regions analyzed. The most common manifestations of chronic venous disease are dilated cutaneous veins, such as telangiectases and reticular veins, and varicose veins. The term chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) describes a condition that affects the venous system of the lower extremities with venous hypertension causing various pathologies including pain, swelling, edema, skin changes, and ulcerations. Although the term CVI is often used to exclude uncomplicated varicose veins, varicose veins have incompetent valves with increased venous pressure leading to progressive dilation and tortuosity. We will use the term CVI to represent the full spectrum of manifestations of chronic venous disease.Varicose veins have an estimated prevalence between 5% to 30% in the adult population, with a female to male predominance of 3 to 1, although a more recent study supports a higher male prevalence. 1 The Edinburgh Vein Study screened 1566 subjects with duplex ultrasound for reflux finding CVI in 9.4% of men and 6.6% of women, after age adjustment, which rose significantly with age (21.2% in men Ͼ50 years old, and 12.0% in women Ͼ50 years old). 2 The San Valentino Vascular Screening Project found among the 30 000 subjects evaluated by clinical assessment and duplex ultrasound a prevalence of 7% for varicose veins and 0.86% for "symptomatic" CVI. 3 As in previous studies, CVI was more common with increasing age, but there was no significant sex difference. The rate of varicose vein development may be estimated from the Framingham Heart Study, which found an annual incidence of 2.6% in women and 1.9% in men. 4 Risk factors found to be associated with CVI include age, sex, a family history of varicose veins, obesity, pregnancy, phlebitis, and previous leg injury. 5,6 There also may be environmental or behavioral factors associated with CVI such as prolonged standing and perhaps a sitting posture at work. 6,7 Varicose veins have a significant impact on healthcare resources, with millions of people seeking medical attention for their cosmetic appearance annually. Although often minimized, the cosmetic consequences may adversely affect an individual's quality of life and are associated with other manifestations.The more serious consequences of CVI such as venous ulcers have an estimated prevalence of Ϸ0.3%, although active or healed ulcers are seen in Ϸ1% of the adult population. 8 It has been estimated that Ϸ2.5 million people have CVI in the United States, and of those, Ϸ20% develop venous ulcers. 9 The ov...

show abstract

“…Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is frequent in the type 2 diabetic population due to advanced age and obesity, and is associated with increased podiatric risk [1,2]. Calcium dobesilate (CaD) is a widely prescribed veno-tonic drug for CVI, diabetic retinopathy, and the symptoms of hemorrhoid attacks [3].…”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%