Prevalence and risk factors of Avian Influenza Viruses among household ducks in Chattogram, Bangladesh

Rahman, Md. Ashiqur; Belgrad, Joseph P.; Sayeed, Md. Abu; Abdullah, Md. Sadeque; Barua, S.; Chisty, Nurun Nahar; Mohsin, Md.; Foysal, Mohammad; Hossain, Mohammad Enayet; Islam, Ariful; Akwar, Holy; Hoque, Ahasanul

doi:10.1007/s11259-021-09874-4

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In addition, we found that chickens and waterfowl raised in backyards have been exposed to multiple subtypes of AIV. Similar findings were found in other studies in Bangladesh [ 52 ]. We also found A/H5 circulating in the backyard poultries in two of our study sites, which can be concerning as HPAIV H5N1 can transmit from poultry to humans and cause mortality.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Assessment of poultry rearing practices and risk factors of H5N1 and H9N2 virus circulating among backyard chickens and ducks in rural communities

Islam

Amin

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Background The avian influenza virus (AIV) causes significant economic losses by infecting poultry and occasional spillover to humans. Backyard farms are vulnerable to AIV epidemics due to poor health management and biosecurity practices, threatening rural households’ economic stability and nutrition. We have limited information about the risk factors associated with AIV infection in backyard poultry in Bangladesh. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional survey comprising epidemiological and anthropological investigations to understand the poultry rearing practices and risk factors of AIV circulation among backyard poultry in selected rural communities. Methods We sampled 120 poultry from backyard farms (n = 30) of the three selected communities between February 2017 and January 2018. We tested swab samples for the matrix gene (M gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We applied multivariable logistic regression for risk factor analysis. Furthermore, we conducted an observational study (42 hours) and informal interviews (n = 30) with backyard farmers to record poultry-raising activities in rural communities. Results We detected that 25.2% of the backyard poultry tested positive for AIV, whereas 5% tested positive for H5N1 and 10.8% tested positive for H9N2. Results showed that scavenging in both household garden and other crop fields has higher odds of AIV than scavenging in the household garden (AOR: 24.811; 95% CI: 2.11–292.28), and keeping a cage inside the house has higher odds (AOR:14.5; 95% CI: 1.06–198.51) than keeping it in the veranda, cleaning the cage twice a week or weekly has a higher risk than cleaning daily (AOR: 34.45; 95% CI: 1.04–1139.65), dumping litter or droppings (AOR: 82.80; 95% CI: 3.91–1754.59) and dead birds or wastage (AOR: 109.92, 95% CI: 4.34–2785.29) near water bodies and bushes have a higher risk than burring in the ground, slaughtering and consuming sick birds also had a higher odd of AIV (AOR: 73.45, 95% CI: 1.56–3457.73) than treating the birds. The anthropological investigation revealed that household members had direct contact with the poultry in different ways, including touching, feeding, slaughtering, and contacting poultry feces. Poultry is usually kept inside the house, sick poultry are traditionally slaughtered and eaten, and most poultry raisers do not know that diseases can transmit from backyard poultry to humans. Conclusions This study showed the circulation of H5N1 and H9N2 virus in backyard poultry in rural communities; associated with species, scavenging area of the poultry, location of the poultry cage, the practice of litter, wastage, droppings, and dead bird disposal, and practice of handling sick poultry. We suggest improving biosecurity practices in backyard poultry and mass awareness campaigns to reduce incidences of AIV in household-level poultry farms in rural communities in Bangladesh.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…According to the findings of this study, backyard poultry flocks are not exempted from avian influenza exposure. Studies by [ 52 , 53 ] also found AIV in backyard poultry in Bangladesh. In addition, we found that chickens and waterfowl raised in backyards have been exposed to multiple subtypes of AIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Assessment of poultry rearing practices and risk factors of H5N1 and H9N2 virus circulating among backyard chickens and ducks in rural communities

Islam

Amin

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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“…The viral prevalence was 3.2%-42.31% among the household chickens [61,62]. Different levels of viral prevalence in domestic ducks in different parts of Bangladesh were 2.4%-24.9% in different districts of Bangladesh [63][64][65][66]. By AIV subtype in Bangladesh, the viral prevalence of AIV infection in the cloacal sample of domestic ducks was 2.1%-9% for A/H9 and 1.4%-89% for A/H5 [62,67,68].…”

Section: Avian Influenza In Different Poultrymentioning

confidence: 94%

The One Health Epidemiology of Avian Influenza Infection in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned from the Past 15 Years

Hassan,

Dutta,

Islam

et al. 2023

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are significant transboundary zoonotic pathogens that concern both animal and human. Since the first report of H5N1 AIV in Bangladesh in early 2007, it resulted in numerous outbreaks across the country, hindering the sustainable growth of the poultry industry through economic losses in different production systems (commercial and backyard). Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus are currently cocirculating and causing infection in poultry sectors in an endemic manner in Bangladesh as well as in wild bird species. The introduction of multiple clades of H5N1 in different poultry species and the reassortment of AIVs with different patterns of infections have complicated the epidemiological situation for control and created conditions to increase the virulence of the virus, host range, and potential zoonotic transmission. The risk of viral transmission at the human–poultry interface is increasing over time due to inadequate surveillance and early detection strategies and practices, ineffective biosecurity practices among poultry raisers, and the complex supply chains of backyard and commercial poultry and live bird market (LBM) systems. Improving AIV surveillance in poultry flocks and LBMs, vaccination, biosecurity, and awareness among poultry professionals is beneficial to controlling the disease burden in the poultry sector. However, human cases of AIV related to poultry production and marketing chain in Bangladesh suggest a One Health approach engaging various stakeholders from the public and private would be a better option for successfully controlling avian influenza outbreaks in Bangladesh. This review of literature presents the comprehensive overview of AIV infection status in Bangladesh, including a description of pathways for zoonotic transmission at different epidemiological interfaces, the genetic evolution of the virus, and the need for improvement of disease control strategies incorporated with early detection, application of effective vaccines, increases the proper biosecurity practices and improvement of awareness among the poultry raisers, traders and consumers using a One Health approach.

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“…In contrast, the first human case of H5N1 was detected through exposure to slaughtered poultry in Bangladesh on May 22, 2008 (5). AIV is now considered to be endemic and some recent research has identified a high percentage of AIV in birds from farms and live bird markets (LBM) including peri-urban and rural settings (6)(7)(8)(9). Waterfowl from the order of Anseriformes (including ducks, geese, and swans), are distributed worldwide due to aquatic habitats and are considered one of the major natural reservoirs for AIV (10,11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and phylodynamics of multiple clades of H5N1 circulating in domestic duck farms in different production systems in Bangladesh

Islam

Hossain

Amin

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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Waterfowl are considered to be natural reservoirs of the avian influenza virus (AIV). However, the dynamics of transmission and evolutionary patterns of AIV and its subtypes within duck farms in Bangladesh remain poorly documented. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh between 2019 and 2021, to determine the prevalence of AIV and its subtypes H5 and H9, as well as to identify risk factors and the phylodynamics of H5N1 clades circulating in domestic duck farms. The oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples were tested for the AIV Matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using rRT-PCR. The exploratory analysis was performed to estimate AIV and its subtype prevalence in different production systems, and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors that influence AIV infection in ducks. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was conducted to generate a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree and the maximum likelihood method to determine the phylogenetic relationships of the H5N1 viruses isolated from ducks. AIV was detected in 40% (95% CI: 33.0–48.1) of the duck farms. The prevalence of AIV was highest in nomadic ducks (39.8%; 95% CI: 32.9–47.1), followed by commercial ducks (24.6%; 95% CI: 14.5–37.3) and backyard ducks (14.4%; 95% CI: 10.5–19.2). The H5 prevalence was also highest in nomadic ducks (19.4%; 95% CI: 14.0–25.7). The multivariable logistic regression model revealed that ducks from nomadic farms (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.45–3.93), juvenile (AOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.37–3.61), and sick ducks (AOR: 11.59; 95% CI: 4.82–32.44) had a higher risk of AIV. Similarly, the likelihood of H5 detection was higher in sick ducks (AOR: 40.8; 95% CI: 16.3–115.3). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed that H5N1 viruses in ducks belong to two distinct clades, 2.3.2.1a, and 2.3.4.4b. The clade 2.3.2.1a (reassorted) has been evolving silently since 2015 and forming at least nine subgroups based on >90% posterior probability. Notably, clade 2.3.4.4b was introduced in ducks in Bangladesh by the end of the year 2020, which was genetically similar to viruses detected in wild birds in Japan, China, and Africa, indicating migration-associated transmission of an emerging panzootic clade. We recommend continuing AIV surveillance in the duck production system and preventing the intermingling of domestic ducks with migratory waterfowl in wetlands.

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Prevalence and risk factors of Avian Influenza Viruses among household ducks in Chattogram, Bangladesh

Cited by 5 publications

References 57 publications

Assessment of poultry rearing practices and risk factors of H5N1 and H9N2 virus circulating among backyard chickens and ducks in rural communities

Assessment of poultry rearing practices and risk factors of H5N1 and H9N2 virus circulating among backyard chickens and ducks in rural communities

The One Health Epidemiology of Avian Influenza Infection in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned from the Past 15 Years

Epidemiology and phylodynamics of multiple clades of H5N1 circulating in domestic duck farms in different production systems in Bangladesh

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