Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease among Palestinian Type 2 Diabetic Patients: a Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health concern and diabetes is one of the main risk factors for its occurrence and progression. The aim of this research is to determine the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in a cross-sectional population of patients with type 2 diabetes in primary health centers in North West Bank.Methods: Patient data including patient characteristics, creatinine level, blood pressure, HbA1c, and hypertension and period of diabetes were obtained from primary health care centers. The eGFR has been determined using the CKD-EPI equation. CKD was staged according to the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Framework (KDIGO) guideline. Both univariable and multivariable statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. Results: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease among diabetic adults in North West Bank was found to be 23.6% (95% CI: 19.4%-28.1%) divided as follows: 19.7% had stage 3 CKD, 2.6% had stage 4 CKD and 1.3% had stage 5 CKD. In multivariable logistic regression, CKD was significantly associated with Age ≥60 years [adjusted OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.8-5.9], hypertension [adjusted OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 2.2-15.2], and smoking [adjusted OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3-4.2].Conclusions: CKD is very prevalent among diabetic adults in Palestine. Co-morbid hypertension, smoking and older age has been shown to increase the risk of developing CKD. Extensive screening for diabetic patients to diagnose CKD at an early stage and to follow more aggressive treatment methods for diabetes as well as other important risk factors, especially hypertension and smoking, is recommended.

Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease among type 2 diabetic patients worldwide, systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In this systematic review and meta-analysis 20 studies were done in 13 different countries globally. Two studies done in Ethiopia [43,44],one study each in Ghana [45], United Arab Emirates [46], Australia [47], Germen [48], united kingdom, Malaysia, Palestine [49][50][51], three studies in USA [52][53][54] ,two in China [55,56],two in Spain [57,58], three in Thailand [59][60][61], and in six countries in Europe and Asia [62].in this study most of the studies were hospital based except two are community level. The total sample size was 1,711,926 with maximum sample 1, 177 896 sample in six European and Asian countries [62] and minimum of 119 sample size in Ethiopia [44] (Table 1).…”