Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in urban adult Cameroonians according to three common estimators of the glomerular filtration rate: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major threat to the health of people of African ancestry. We assessed the prevalence and risk factors of CKD among adults in urban Cameroon.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of two months duration (March to April 2013) conducted at the Cité des Palmiers health district in the Littoral region of Cameroon. A multistage cluster sampling approach was applied. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was based on the Cockcroft-Gault (CG), the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the predictors of CKD.ResultsIn the 500 participants with a mean age of 45.3 ± 13.2 years included, we observed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (60.4 %), hypertension (38.6 %) and diabetes (2.8 %). The mean eGFR was 93.7 ± 24.9, 97.8 ± 24.9 and 99.2 ± 31.4 ml/min respectively with the MDRD, CG and CKD-EPI equations. The prevalence of albuminuria was 7.2 % while the prevalence of decreased GFR (eGFR < 60 ml/min) and CKD (any albuminuria and/or eGFR < 60 ml/min) was 4.4 and 11 % with MDRD, 5.4 and 14.2 % with CG, and 8.8 and 10 % with CKD-EPI. In age and sex adjusted logistic regression models, advanced age, known hypertension and diabetes mellitus, increasing body mass index and overweight/obesity were the predictors of albuminuria, decreased GFR and CKD according to various estimators.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of CKD in urban adults Cameroonian, driven essentially by the commonest risk factors for CKD.

Kidney disease in Uganda: a community based study

“…This has been found by other studies from Africa [2, 27]. In contrast, low socioeconomic status has been associated with both development and progression of CKD in Europe and United States of America [25, 32].…”

“…Similar findings have been noted in other studies. A study by Wyatt [26] found that CG over estimates the rate of CKD while Kaze noted different rates of CKD ranging from 4.4 to 8.8% depending on which formula was used [27]. The CKD-Epi has been found to be more accurate in patients with near normal kidney function [28].…”

Prevalence and correlates of chronic kidney disease in a group of patients with hypertension in the Savanah zone of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study in Sub-Saharan Africa

“…Beyond our borders, Sumaili et al (19) and Osafo et al (13) reported significantly higher rates of CKD in hypertensive patients in the forest zones of SSA. The prevalence of CKD is almost three times higher than that of the general community irrespective of the equation used (20)(21)(22). Similarly, we identified advancing age and adiposity as risk factors of CKD as reported in the African literature (12,13,19).…”

Epidemiology of Overweight and Obesity in Adults Living in Cameroon: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

“…The burden of some of these complications in Cameroon is higher compared with Africa (11)(12)(13). For instance, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is estimated at 6.8% (11), the prevalence of hypertension varies between 30% and 40% (14)(15)(16)(17), and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease varies between 4% and 14% (18,19).…”