Prevalence and risk factors for chalazion in an older veteran population

Abstract

BackgroundChalazia are common inflammatory eyelid lesions, but their epidemiology remains understudied. This retrospective case–control study examined the prevalence, risk factors and geographic distribution of chalazia in a large veteran population.MethodsData on all individuals seen at a Veterans Affairs (VA) clinic between October 2010 and October 2015 were extracted from the VA health database. Subjects were grouped based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code for chalazion. Univariable logistic regression modelling was used to identify clinical and demographic factors associated with chalazion presence, followed by multivariable modelling to examine which factors predicted risk concomitantly. All cases were mapped across the continental US using geographic information systems modelling to examine how prevalence rates varied geographically.ResultsOverall, 208 720 of 3 453 944 (6.04%) subjects were diagnosed with chalazion during the study period. Prevalence was highest in coastal regions. The mean age of the population was 69.32±13.9 years and most patients were male (93.47%), white (77.13%) and non-Hispanic (93.72%). Factors associated with chalazion risk included smoking (OR=1.12, p<0.0005), conditions of the tear film (blepharitis (OR=4.84, p<0.0005), conjunctivitis (OR=2.78, p<0.0005), dry eye (OR=3.0, p<0.0005)), conditions affecting periocular skin (eyelid dermatitis (OR=2.95, p<0.0005), rosacea (OR=2.50, p<0.0005)), allergic conditions (history of allergies (OR=1.56, p<0.0005)) and systemic disorders (gastritis (OR=1.54, p<0.0005), irritable bowel syndrome (OR=1.45, p<0.0005), depression (OR=1.35, p<0.0005), anxiety (OR=1.31, p<0.0005)). These factors remained associated with chalazion risk when examined concomitantly.ConclusionPeriocular skin, eyelid margin and tear film abnormalities were most strongly associated with risk for chalazion. The impact of environmental conditions on risk for chalazion represents an area in need of further study.

Genetic correlation between circulating metabolites and chalazion: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

“…Chalazion is a benign eyelid lesion and manifests as a chronic lipogranulomatous inflammatory response secondary to the degeneration of endogenous lipid secretion from the meibomian or Zeis glands ( Knop and Knop, 2009 ). Infectious factors, such as blepharitis, viral infection, and ocular demodex infestation ( Liang et al, 2014 ; Kim et al, 2023 ), along with non-infectious factors [such as rosacea, anxiety, smoking, nutritional deficiencies, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)], may increase chalazion risk ( Nemet et al, 2011 ; Patel et al, 2022 ).…”

Causal effects of gut microbiota on chalazion: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

“…The incidence of chalazion ranges from 0.2 to 6.04%, with a higher prevalence observed in children compared to adults (1,2). The formation of chalazion is attributed to a variety of factors, including systemic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, depression, and anxiety; metabolic abnormalities like vitamin A deficiency, diabetes, OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY and higher serum cholesterol levels; ocular factors such as meibomian gland disease (MGD), conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and dry eye; additional factors like race, ethnicity, as well as dietary factors (3,4).…”

Tratamento do calázio e novos ensaios clínicos para a oftalmologia: uma revisão integrativa

“…A localização do calázio também não é bem estabelecida, porém é mais comum ocorrer nas pálpebras superiores e ocorre com maior frequência na região lateral do que na região medial. Esses achados estão de acordo com a menor propensão das pálpebras inferiores a apresentarem disfunção da glândula meibomiana (GORDON; DANEK; PHELPS, 2020;PATEL et al, 2022).…”