Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Symptomatic Dry Eye in Nurses in Palestine During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Allayed, Riyad; Ayed, Ahmad; Fashafsheh, Imad

doi:10.1177/23779608221127948

Cited by 5 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…By searching the relevant databases, we retrieved a total of 313 articles [PubMed (n = 88), Cochrane Library (n = 2), Embase (n = 42), Web of Science (n = 181)], and 11 met the criteria [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] (Fig 1).…”

Section: Literature Search Results and Basic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eleven studies with 15692 participants were conducted in eight countries and regions [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Most of these studies were published in 2022 [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]26], and the study populations included school children [18,22,27], university students [19,21,23,24,26], healthcare workers [17,25], and other professionals [20]. All studies used various dry eye questionnaires as diagnostic tools (Table 1), and the quality assessment (Table 2) suggested that the studies were of high quality.…”

Section: Literature Search Results and Basic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pooled estimate of dry eye prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic was 61.0% (95% CI: 51.8%-70.2%), and there was significant heterogeneity among the studies (I 2 = 99.31%, P = 0.00) (Fig 2). The prevalence of dry eye in eight of 11 studies conducted in Asia [17,18,[21][22][23][24][25]27] was 56.7% (95%CI: 45.3%-68.1%), and heterogeneity was also significant (I 2 = 99.33%, P = 0.00) (Fig 3).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Dry Eye During the Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six of the 11 studies reported the prevalence in males and females separately [17,19,[23][24][25][26]. The prevalence of dry eye in females was 69.7% (95%CI: 54.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Dry Eye During the Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of dry eye in females was 69.7% (95%CI: 54. Four studies reported the prevalence of dry eye in contact lens wearers and non-contact lens wearers [17,19,24,26]. The prevalence of dry eye in contact lens wearers was 83.5% (95% CI: 75.7%-91.3%) (S2A Fig) and 68.2% in non-contact lens wearers (95%CI: 61.8%-71.4%) (S2B Fig) . The OR was 1.90 (95%CI: 0.84-4.30) between contact lens wearers and non-contact lens wearers, and there was no significant difference (P = 0.12) (S3 Fig).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Dry Eye During the Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of dry eye during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Ji,

Yang,

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Objective During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people devoted longer time to screen viewing due to the need for study, work, and online social activities, instead of outdoor activities, which may have led to an increase in dry eye symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dry eye during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from January 1, 2020 to October 20, 2022. Cross-sectional surveys on dry eye prevalence conducted after January 1, 2020 were included. Two review authors independently performed data extraction and assessed study quality. The random-effects model was used to analyze the prevalence of dry eye, and the odds ratio was used to assess the strength of the association between variables. Subgroup analysis was performed to detect heterogeneity, the leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis, and the Egger test for publication bias. Results A total of eleven studies with 15692 individuals met the eligibility criteria. The prevalence of dry eye during the COVID-19 pandemic was 61.0% (95%CI: 51.8%-70.2%) globally and 56.7% (95%CI: 45.3%-68.1%) in Asia. The prevalence of dry eye had significant differences in sex and visual display time, with higher prevalence among females and visual display time of more than 4 hours per day. Subgroup analysis was performed based on diagnostic tools, study population, and average age. A significant difference was found in diagnostic tools, but no significant change in heterogeneity (P<0.05). The leave-one-out method showed stable results, and the Egger test identified no significant publication bias. Conclusion The prevalence of dry eye during the COVID-19 pandemic is significantly higher than before, and a higher prevalence is found among females and those having a visual display time of more than 4 hours per day.

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Section: Literature Search Results and Basic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Search Results and Basic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence Of Dry Eye During the Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six of the 11 studies reported the prevalence in males and females separately [17,19,[23][24][25][26]. The prevalence of dry eye in females was 69.7% (95%CI: 54.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Dry Eye During the Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence Of Dry Eye During the Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of dry eye during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Ji,

Yang,

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in the South of Palestine

Aljarousha,

Badarudin,

Che Azemin

et al. 2024

MJMS

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Background: The prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) is rising globally and needs to be urgently addressed by medical professionals because it lowers patients’ quality of life. There are as yet no available data in the literature about the prevalence of and risk factors for DED in the Gaza Strip, a gap that the present study seeks to address. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between March and August 2022 in Gaza governorates using a proportional stratified sampling technique. Only Gazan individuals ≥ 18 years old and able to follow the instructions were included. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, which has previously been translated into Arabic and validated, was applied to evaluate DED symptoms. Subjective clinical tests for DED conducted were tear meniscus height (TMH), meibomian gland dysfunctions (MGDs), Marx line (ML), conjunctival Lissamine green staining (LGS), tear film break-up time test (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) and Schirmer II tear test (STT). DED was defined based on an Arab-OSDI score ≥ 13 and at least one positive clinical sign. Results: A total of 426 participants were assessed from four areas (North Gaza Strip, 82; Gaza City, 147; Mid-Zone Gaza Strip, 62; South Gaza Strip, 135). The prevalence of DED in the present study was 31.5% (95% CI: 27.1, 36.1). Age > 50 years old (odds ratio [OR] = 10.45; 95% CI: 2.95, 37.05; P < 0.001), female gender (OR = 3.24; 95% CI: 1.40, 7.52, P = 0.006), menopause or pregnancy (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.25, 5.35; P = 0.03) and pharmacotherapy (artificial tears; OR = 9.91; 95% CI: 2.77, 35.46; P < 0.001) were each associated with DED symptoms. South Gaza Strip (OR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.12; P < 0.001), unemployed (OR = 11.67; 95% CI: 1.43, 95.44; P = 0.02), non-consumption of caffeine (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.88; P = 0.02) and TMH < 0.2 (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.19; P = 0.04) were associated with TBUT < 5 s. LGS was associated with those > 50 years old (OR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.38, 5.28; P = 0.004), previous refractive or ocular surface surgeries (OR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.34, 6.59; P = 0.008) and CFS ≥ 1 (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.44; P = 0.03). Conclusion: Various aspects of DED were linked with different risk factors, suggesting that DED subtypes have different underlying pathophysiologies.

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Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Dry Eye Parameters

Liao

Wong

et al. 2023

Diagnostics

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Purpose: This study aims to compare dry eye parameters before and after COVID-19 infection in dry eye patients. Methods: We included 44 dry eye patients (88 eyes) from our existing dry eye cohort, with 22 belonging to the post-COVID-19 group due to a prior COVID-19 infection and the other 22 forming the non-COVID-19 group as they had no history of COVID-19. We examined and compared the dry eye parameters of the post-COVID-19 group, including the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), Schirmer’s test results (ST), non-invasive Keratography tear break-up time (NIKBUT), lipid layer thickness (LLT), Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), and the grading of papillae and follicles, both before and after the COVID-19 infection. We also compared the dry eye parameters difference of the post-COVID-19 group with the non-COVID-19 group. Results: The post-COVID-19 group was comprised of individuals with an average age of 38.36 ± 14.99 years, of which 82% were female. The time interval between the two tests was 16.92 ± 5.40 months, which did not differ significantly from the non-COVID-19 group. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 eyes, the post-COVID-19 eyes showed a significant decrease in the average LLT (52.86 ± 18.00 nm vs. 63.00 ± 22.40 nm, p < 0.001), as well as the maximum LLT (67.89 ± 20.81 nm vs. 78.48 ± 20.55 nm, p < 0.001). The MGD in both the upper (1.75 ± 0.84) and lower eyelids (1.43 ± 0.73) worsened after a COVID-19 infection. Additionally, the grading of papillae was worse following a COVID-19 infection (0.61 ± 0.69 vs. 0.16 ± 0.37, p < 0.001). The multivariate linear regression model revealed a negative association between COVID-19 infection and NIKBUT-average (β = −2.98, 95%CI: (−5.82, −0.15), p = 0.039), LLT-average (β = −14.12, 95%CI: (−22.66, −5.59), p = 0.001), and LLT max (β = −15.65, 95%CI: (−23.09, −8.20), p < 0.001). Conclusion: From preliminary results, we concluded that dry eye patients who have been infected with COVID-19 appear to have a more severe dry eye condition, as evidenced by lower LLT, worse papillae and MGD, and shorter NIKBUT. It is important to raise awareness of this potential long-term symptom of COVID-19, especially among existing dry eye patients.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Symptomatic Dry Eye in Nurses in Palestine During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 5 publications

References 42 publications

Prevalence of dry eye during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of dry eye during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in the South of Palestine

Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Dry Eye Parameters

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