Prevalence and Risk Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Among a Multisite Cohort of Young Transgender Women

Garthe, Rachel C.; Hidalgo, Marco A.; Hereth, Jane; Garofalo, Robert; Reisner, Sari L.; Mimiaga, Matthew J.; Kuhns, Lisa M.

doi:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0034

Cited by 57 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…Trans women sex workers in Nepal are also at risk of HIV from sexual assault by law enforcement officers, perhaps in part explaining our finding that sexual abuse was significantly associated with sex work. Our data on sexual violence towards trans women is consistent with the literature finding that trans women face anti-trans violence from intimate partners and police [ 8 , 34 , 35 ]. Sexual abuse may have also predated trans women’s engagement in sex work and created higher risk of engagement in sex work.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Population-based HIV prevalence, stigma and HIV risk among trans women in Nepal

et al. 2021

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Background Transgender women (trans women) in Nepal are underserved in the HIV response. Data are needed to determine the HIV prevalence disaggregated from other key populations and to identify the particular risks faced by this community. Trans women are marginalized around the world and research is also needed to determine the impact of stigma on HIV risk to inform trans-specific interventions. Methods In 2019, we conducted the first population-based HIV behavioral surveillance study of trans women disaggregated from other key populations using respondent driven sampling (RDS). We estimated the HIV prevalence for trans women, and bivariate and multivariate Poisson binomial regression models were constructed to examine the relationship between HIV risk and stigma. Results Trans women participants (N = 200) had a mean age of 33 years old (SD = 10.96). We found a weighted HIV prevalence of 11.3% (95% CI 6·82% - 18·13). We found that depression and anxiety (aPR 0.81; 95% CI 0.67–0.97; p = 0·02) and current engagement in sex work (aPR 1.31; 95% CI 1.01–1.71; p = 0·046) were significantly associated with greater prevalence of condomless receptive anal intercourse. We found that experienced stigma of ever being verbally abused due to gender identity was significantly associated with lower prevalence of depression and anxiety (aPR 0.42; 95% CI 0.20–0.87; p = 0·002). Feeling unaccepted in Nepali society and believing people thought they were a criminal because of their trans identity was significantly associated greater prevalence of current sex work (aPR 1.36; 95% CI 1.03–1.78; p = 0·03; aPR 1.45; 95% CI 1.03–2.07; p = 0.04). Every measure of experienced stigma assessed was significantly associated with greater prevalence of current engagement in sex work. Conclusions Trans women are highly stigmatized in Nepal, leading to individual and systems factors that impact their risk for HIV. Interventions are needed that support the economic and mental wellbeing of trans women to prevent their heighted risk of HIV from stigma.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Population-based HIV prevalence, stigma and HIV risk among trans women in Nepal

et al. 2021

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“…Indirect pathways include cases of young women running away from home to escape childhood abuse, and, in turn, being arrested for criminalized survival, such as squatting in an abandoned building or panhandling (Chesney-Lind, 1989). These factors also are likely to be important for young transgender women, who experience high rates of interpersonal violence (Garthe et al, 2018; James et al, 2016; Reisner et al, 2014). For example, 54% of respondents in the NTDS reported experiencing IPV (James et al, 2016).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Patterns of Interpersonal Violence, Structural and Social Exclusion, Resilience, and Arrest among Young Transgender Women

Hereth

Garthe

Garofalo

et al. 2020

Criminal Justice and Behavior

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Young transgender women aged 16–29 years experience high rates of carceral involvement, warranting greater inclusion of this community within decarceration research and practice. The present study investigates patterns of violence, exclusion, resilience, and arrest among a sample of 298 transgender women aged 16–29 years in Chicago, Illinois, and Boston, MA. Women in the sample reported high rates of arrest, violence, and exclusion. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify classes with similar response patterns to items assessing violence, exclusion, resilience, and arrest. A three-class model was selected to best represent the data, including: (a) “High Violence and Exclusion/High Arrest”; (b) “Low Arrest”; and (c) “Moderate Violence and Exclusion/High Arrest.” Race and perceived gender expression significantly predicted class membership. Findings illustrate the heterogeneity of young transgender women’s experiences, suggesting that a variety of tailored decarceration program and policy interventions are required to meet the differing needs of young transgender women.

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“…Within all reviewed studies the prevalence of sexual assault [33], intimate partner violence, and victimisation is greatest among lesbian and bisexual females when compared to heterosexual counterparts [34]. In studies examining these variables across gender identity, transgender females report higher rates of sexual assault victimisation [35] and intimate partner violence [36] than cisgender comparisons. These individuals also often experience a range of poor physical and psychological health outcomes, including higher levels of depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and suicide risk [37,38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender identity, sexual orientation and adverse sexual experiences in autistic females

et al. 2020

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Background: There is growing recognition that autistic females present with more diverse gender and sexual identities than their non-autistic counterparts. Likewise, autistic females are also at an increased risk of adverse sexual experiences. As higher rates of sexual victimisation are observed in individuals with diverse sexual identities in the broader population, rates of negative sexual experiences among autistic females remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the representation of gender and sexual diversity within autistic females and examine their rates of regretted, and unwanted, sexual encounters among females with a transgender gender identity and nonheterosexual sexual orientation. Methods: Two hundred and ninety-five females completed the Sexual Behaviour Scale-III (SBS-III) online. Selfreported gender identity and sexual orientation were compared between 134 autistic (M age = 26.2 years, SD = 8.7) and 161 non-autistic females (M age = 22.0 years, SD = 4.6). Differences in the prevalence of negative sexual experiences were compared across diagnosis and each gender identity and sexual orientation label. Results: Autistic females were more likely to identify with a transgender gender identity (p < .05) and non-heterosexual sexual orientation (p < .007) compared to non-autistic females. Autistic homosexual females were more likely to have experienced a range of negative sexual experiences than autistic heterosexual females (OR ≥ 3.29; p < .01) and were more likely to have experienced unwanted sexual experiences than non-autistic females regardless of sexual orientation (OR ≥ 2.38; p < .05). There were no differences in rates of negative sexual experiences between autistic bisexual and both autistic heterosexual and non-autistic bisexual females. Non-autistic bisexual females (OR = 0.24; p = .018) presented with a reduced risk of regretted sexual experiences than non-autistic heterosexual peers. There were no differences in negative sexual experiences across gender identity in the autistic sample. Limitations: The use of fixed format response items may have restricted participants' abilities to provide rich responses pertaining to their sexual identities and nature of negative sexual experiences. The small number of participants who identified as transgender (n = 40) limits the reliability of results pertaining to sexual experiences across gender identity. Moreover, although multiple recruitment methods were used in this study, non-representative may bias estimates of prevalence rates. Thus, the data may not be representative of the broader population.

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Prevalence and Risk Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Among a Multisite Cohort of Young Transgender Women

Cited by 57 publications

References 38 publications

Population-based HIV prevalence, stigma and HIV risk among trans women in Nepal

Population-based HIV prevalence, stigma and HIV risk among trans women in Nepal

Examining Patterns of Interpersonal Violence, Structural and Social Exclusion, Resilience, and Arrest among Young Transgender Women

Gender identity, sexual orientation and adverse sexual experiences in autistic females

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