Prevalence and quantitation of adenovirus DNA from human tonsil and adenoid tissues

Abstract

In this study, real-time PCR was used to quantify adenovirus DNA in cell suspensions prepared from 106 right and left tonsils and 10 adenoids obtained from 57 patients who underwent routine tonsillectomies and/or adenoidectomies. Eighty-four (72.4%) tonsils and adenoids samples were positive for HAdV by real-time PCR. The viral load ranged from 2.8 × 10(2) to 2.6 × 10(6) copies/10(7) cells and varied up to sixfold between the right and left tonsils. In some cases, only one tonsil was positive and the viral load was lower in older children. Seventy-eight of 84 positive samples could be typed by sequencing of the hexon L1 region. Species C (types 1, 2, and 5) were detected in 84.1% of the patients followed by types 3 and 7 of species B (6.8%), HAdV-E4 (6.8%), and HAdV-F41 (2.3%). In one patient adenovirus C2 was found in the left tonsil and adenovirus C5 in the right tonsil. No DNA methylation was detected in either the E1A promoter or the major late promoter region of adenovirus DNA from six tonsils and adenoids samples and two clinical isolates.

Incidence of Adenoviral DNAemia in Polish Adults Undergoing Allogeneic Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

“…This value is higher than reported in our previous study (19.3 %) (Rynans et al 2012), but similar to described by other authors (32.2-44.8 %) (BilLula et al 2010;Ganzenmueller et al 2011). Single positive results could be considered less important from clinical point of view due to possible persistent (latent) HAdV infection has been shown to occur even in healthy individuals (Alkhalaf et al 2013). The majority of alloHSCT recipients in our study with detectable DNAemia within the first 10 weeks after transplantation had only FUO.…”

Neonatal Infection with Species C Adenoviruses Confirmed in Viable Cord Blood Lymphocytes

“…We and other investigators have identified adenoviral DNA in mononuclear cells from adenoids and tonsils of children as young as two years [13,14,29]. By four years of age virtually every child is carrying one or more adenoviral genotypes in their mucosal tissues [13].…”

“…The abundance of adenovirus-positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood at this time likely differs from that in cord blood at birth. Although adenoviral DNA is found in pediatric adenoid and tonsil lymphocytes [13,14,29,38], it is rarely detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes [39,40]. Interestingly, immature T and B cells are more abundant in pediatric adenoids and tonsils than in other secondary lymphoid tissues [41–43].…”

Infection with Host-Range Mutant Adenovirus 5 Suppresses Innate Immunity and Induces Systemic CD4+ T Cell Activation in Rhesus Macaques

“…Although Ad5 infected RM and humans develop potent neutralizing antibody responses and Ad5-specific T cells responses [10], [18]–[25], [32], the pattern of virus shedding suggests that this immunity does not prevent re-infection. Further anti-Ad5 immunity is often incapable of completely clearing Ad5 infections as the virus can persist in mucosal surfaces of humans [8] and RM [9] for months.…”

“…The prevalence of Ad5 in North American and other populations has been assessed serologically; almost all subjects tested have Ad5-specific binding antibodies, of which 30–60% also have neutralizing antibody responses [5]–[7]. Adenoviruses infect a broad range of animals in a relatively species-specific manner and adenoviruses can be persistently shed in respiratory secretions and stool [8]–[11]. Adenoviruses isolated from macaque monkey species (rhesus, cynomologus) are in a different phylogenetic group from the human adenoviruses and do not segregate with human Ad5 or other Group C adenoviruses [11].…”