Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18months after Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan

Naeem, Farooq; Ayub, Muhammad; Masood, Khadija; Gul, Huma; Khalid, Muhammad Shoaib; Farrukh, Ammara; Shaheen, Aisha; Waheed, Waquas; Chaudhry, H.R.

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.035

Cited by 76 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The majority (99.2%) of the adult study population experienced or witnessed at least one traumatic event during their lifetime (range [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], with an average of 7.7 (SD 4.0) traumatic events per person. Men reported that they had witnessed or experienced more traumatic events than women (mean 8.4 (SD 4.2) and 6.4 (SD 3.8), respectively; p<0.001) (table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Kashmir Valley

et al. 2017

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BackgroundFollowing the partition of India in 1947, the Kashmir Valley has been subject to continual political insecurity and ongoing conflict, the region remains highly militarised. We conducted a representative cross-sectional population-based survey of adults to estimate the prevalence and predictors of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the 10 districts of the Kashmir Valley.MethodsBetween October and December 2015, we interviewed 5519 out of 5600 invited participants, ≥18 years of age, randomly sampled using a probability proportional to size cluster sampling design. We estimated the prevalence of a probable psychological disorder using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ-16). Both screening instruments had been culturally adapted and translated. Data were weighted to account for the sampling design and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for developing symptoms of psychological distress.FindingsThe estimated prevalence of mental distress in adults in the Kashmir Valley was 45% (95% CI 42.6 to 47.0). We identified 41% (95% CI 39.2 to 43.4) of adults with probable depression, 26% (95% CI 23.8 to 27.5) with probable anxiety and 19% (95% CI 17.5 to 21.2) with probable PTSD. The three disorders were associated with the following characteristics: being female, over 55 years of age, having had no formal education, living in a rural area and being widowed/divorced or separated. A dose–response association was found between the number of traumatic events experienced or witnessed and all three mental disorders.InterpretationThe implementation of mental health awareness programmes, interventions aimed at high risk groups and addressing trauma-related symptoms from all causes are needed in the Kashmir Valley.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Kashmir Valley

et al. 2017

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“…In this study it had no influence on the symptoms. In our previous work we have found that income does not predict the symptoms of PTSD or broader psychiatric symptoms in adult population both in context of trauma caused by disasters or domestic violence [47,48]. Our speculation is that some aspects of social support system like extended family provide protection against the disadvantage caused by the lack of monitory resources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In a study of adults from the same area at around the same time the rate of PTSD was 55.2% in women and 33.4% in men [47]. The gender difference in rates of PTSD is less marked in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Psychological Morbidity in Children 18 months after Kashmir Earthquake of 2005

Ayub

Poongan

Masood

et al. 2011

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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A severe earthquake occurred in Kashmir in 2005. The epicentre was close to Muzzafarabad. We collected data on over 1,100 children 18 months after the earthquake to look at symptoms of PTSD and behavioural and emotional problems using well established questionnaires. We found that 64.8% of children had significant symptoms of PTSD. Girls were more likely to suffer from these symptoms. The proportion of children suffering from emotional and behaviour difficulties was 34.6%. This percentage was not different from other studies of children from Pakistan within areas which were not affected by the earthquake. The rate of emotional symptoms was higher in girls while hyperactivity was more frequent in boys. This pattern is similar to other studies from across the world.

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“…Developing and poor countries are often war-torn, experience political violence, have inadequate shelter and food, and lack resources (de Jong et al, 2001;Norris et al, 2003), and these factors may increase the risk of developing PTSD. Consistent with this conjecture, several smaller studies conducted in Africa, Cambodia, Mexico, Sri Lanka, and Chile have found PTSD estimates to be higher than PTSD estimates reported in Western countries, with some studies estimating rates of PTSD as high as 56% (de Jong et al, 2001;Hamid & Musa, 2010;Mollica et al, 1993;Naeem et al, 2011;Somasundaram & Sivayokan, 1994;Zlotnick et al, 2006). However, these estimates may not be representative of the general population in these countries due to methodological limitations.…”

Section: Exposure To Potentially Traumatic Eventsmentioning

confidence: 90%