“…Most recently identified markers comprise age [ 45 , 48 , 52 , 57 , 63 , 67 , 68 ]; female sex [ 6 , 67 ]; brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) [ 56 , 58 , 59 , 62 , 64 ]; troponin-I [ 53 , 60 ]; premature atrial complexes [ 44 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 61 , 72 ], prolonged PR interval [ 48 ] and QRS duration and total atrial conduction time [ 51 ] on ECG; preexisting heart disease or cardiac structural abnormalities (e.g. echocardiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement, left atrial function, impaired systolic function, left ventricular hypertrophy, mitral valve disease and epicardial fat) [ 6 , 44 – 47 , 52 , 62 – 65 , 68 , 69 , 73 ▪ ]; history of congestive heart failure [ 67 ] and coronary artery disease [ 57 , 68 ]; duration of stroke symptoms [ 57 ]; stroke severity [ 62 , 63 , 67 ]; prior cortical [ 50 , 65 ], anterior circulation [ 54 ], and posterior circulation [ 50 ] infarctions; white matter lesions [ 52 ], haemorrhagic transformation [ 45 , 65 ], susceptibility sign [ 65 ] and multiple infarcts [ 45 ] on brain MRI; and free fatty acid and triglyceride levels [ 65 ].…”