Prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among pregnant women during COVID-19-related lockdown in Abakaliki, Nigeria

Nwafor, Johnbosco Ifunanya; Okedo‐Alex, Ijeoma Nkem; Ikeotuonye, Arinze C.

doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.20184697

Cited by 33 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The possible explanation might be because of the higher transmission rates of COVID in India, Canada, and Iran, which lead to high depression in HIV-positive pregnant women. 33 , 34 The finding of the study was also lower than the study conducted in Nigeria (45.2%) 35 and across European countries (15%). 27 The possible explanation may be due to the time gap for access to COVID-19-related information.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Depression Among HIV-Positive Pregnant Women at Northwest Amhara Referral Hospitals During COVID-19 Pandemic

Abate¹,

Mekonnen²,

Ferede³

2021

RMHP

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Background Depression is the most common mental health disorder among HIV-positive pregnant mothers, which increases mortality, poor quality of life; it also increases the burden of disease. Depression hurts birth outcomes and maternal health. Objective To assess depression and its associated factors among HIV-positive pregnant women attending antenatal care at Northwest Amhara referral hospitals, 2021. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 291 HIV-positive pregnant mothers from March 15, 2021 to April 30, 2021 at Northwest Amhara referral hospitals. Census was applied to reach the study participants. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. A binary logistic regression was conducted to see the relationship between dependent variables and independent. Those variables having a p-value of ≤0.05 were found to be statistically associated with the response. Results Depression among HIV-positive pregnant women was found to be 28.7% [95% CI (24.8–33.40)] with a response rate of 96.04. Age ≥30 years [AOR = 1.32, 95% CI (1.24–3.35)], urban residency [AOR = 1.76, 95% CI (1.57–4.61)], having first pregnancy <18 years [AOR = 3.82, 95% CI (1.54–17.34)], known HIV serostatus during pregnancy [AOR = 1.29, 95% CI (1.08–2.47)], and COVID-19-related knowledge [AOR = 0.32, 95% CI (0.12–1.12) were significantly associated with depression. Conclusions and Recommendations Nearly one-third of the pregnant women attending antenatal care were depressed. The age of the mother, residence, known HIV serostatus during pregnancy, age in the first pregnancy, and COVID-19-related knowledge were significantly associated with depression, and strengthening the existing care provided was the recalled interventions to combat antenatal depression during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Depression Among HIV-Positive Pregnant Women at Northwest Amhara Referral Hospitals During COVID-19 Pandemic

Abate¹,

Mekonnen²,

Ferede³

2021

RMHP

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“…In South Africa the prevalence is particularly high, with several studies reporting that one in every three pregnant women develop symptoms of depression, and one in every four pregnant women develop symptoms of anxiety [46,47,48]. This report by Nwafor et al [28] is however, similar to studies conducted on the psychological effects of the SARS outbreak in 2003 on the experience of pregnant women, that showed that these women experienced high levels of depression, anxiety and stress with regards to potential infection. Anxiety is common during and after pregnancy as women anticipate and adjust to motherhood, especially in those women and couples who have previously experienced adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage and perinatal death [49,50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In the study conducted by Nwafor et al [28], the study reported severe and extremely severe depression in 7.2% (n=33) and 6.4% (n=29) of participants. Analysis also revealed that 3.3% (n=15) and 7.7% (n=35) of women had severe and extremely severe anxiety, respectively.…”

Section: Studies Conducted In Africamentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Psychological distress increased during the lockdown period than before covid19 Nwafor et al, [28] Nigeria elevated incidence of both clinical depression (34%) and anxiety (70%) as well as manifestation of pregnancy related anxiety symptoms. For the participants in the sample population, it was determined that the uncertainties associated with the inability to have support system resources at prenatal appointments and during birth, changes to childcare plans during labor and the cancellation of appointments due to COVID-19 restrictions were the underlying stressors.…”

Section: Studies Conducted In North Americamentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In total, 23% (n=105) of the participating women had severe stress while 16.7% (n=76) reported extremely severe stress. In addition, the study conducted by Nwafor et al [28] reported that over one-third (37.5%) of the pregnant women surveyed reported COVID-19-related anxiety. Similar findings were reported by Taubman-Ben-Ari et al [37] which was conducted in Israel where a significant number of pregnant women also reported COVID-19-related anxiety; this concern was related to the fear of being in public places or taking public transport [37].…”

Section: Studies Conducted In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mental Health of Pregnant Women during Covid-19: A Systematic Review Study

Adediran

Dupuis

Fritz

et al. 2021

JAMMR

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Background: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has created avenues for physical and mental stress on individuals worldwide. Pregnant women especially, with the onset of COVID-19 have been challenged greatly by an array of disorders, all with varying cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. The aim of our research is to conduct a review of the different mental health issues experienced by pregnant women in various geographical locations and analyze the prevalence of specific mental issues. Materials and Methods: A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted. Databases PubMed, Google Scholar, BioMed Central, CrossRef and British Medical Journal were thoroughly examined by the authors for the purpose of locating the relevant articles as per specific geographical location. Results: From the applicable studies identified, twenty-eight (28) were selected for review. As per the North American studies, levels of depression and anxiety in pregnant women at and around the time of the pandemic ranged from 33.2 to 70%. This differs in European countries where there were levels of 14.0 to 60%. Prevalence of stress among pregnant women in Asia was 32.7% while 17% of North American women reported the same. In the studies of Australia and South America, the prevalence of anxiety ranged 6% to 13.9% while studies in Africa reported severe and extremely stress, 7.2% (n=33) and 64% (n=29) respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression and anxiety among pregnant women was shown to be relatively high in all regions as per the COVID-19 pandemic, owing to many factors. Based on the studies analyzed, adequate support, resources and better healthcare systems are imperative for ensuring that depression and anxiety levels be reduced among this demographic.

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Prevalence of Perinatal Anxiety and Related Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Roddy Mitchell,

Gordon,

Atkinson

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceAnxiety disorders are associated with poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are thought to be disproportionally burdened by these disorders, yet their prevalence is unclear.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of 6 anxiety and related disorders among perinatal women in LMICs.Data SourcesEmbase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until September 7, 2023.Study SelectionStudies conducted in World Bank–defined LMICs and reporting prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, or adjustment disorder during the perinatal period (conception to 12 months post partum) using a validated method were included.Data Extraction and SynthesisThis study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline. Study eligibility, extracted data, and risk of bias of included studies were assessed by 2 independent reviewers. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled point prevalence. Subgroup analyses were performed by specific anxiety disorder.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMain outcomes were prevalence estimates of each anxiety disorder, measured as percentage point estimates and corresponding 95% CIs.ResultsAt total of 10 617 studies were identified, 203 of which met the inclusion criteria and reported the outcomes of 212 318 women from 33 LMICs. Generalized anxiety disorder was the most reported (184 studies [90.6%]) and most prevalent disorder at 22.2% (95% CI, 19.4%-25.0%; n = 173 553). Posttraumatic stress disorder was the second most prevalent (8.3%; 95% CI, 5.0%-12.2%; 33 studies; n = 22 452). Adjustment disorder was least prevalent (2.9%; 95% CI, 0.0%-14.1%; 2 studies; n = 475). The prevalence of generalized anxiety varied by country income status, with the highest prevalence among lower-middle–income countries (27.6%; 95% CI, 21.6%-33.9%; 59 studies; n = 25 109), followed by low-income (24.0%; 95% CI, 15.3%-33.8%; 11 studies; n = 4961) and upper-middle–income (19.1%; 95% CI, 16.0%-22.4%; 110 studies; n = 138 496) countries.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that 1 in 5 women living in LMICs experience anxiety disorders during pregnancy and post partum. Targeted action is needed to reduce this high burden.

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Prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among pregnant women during COVID-19-related lockdown in Abakaliki, Nigeria

Cited by 33 publications

References 13 publications

Depression Among HIV-Positive Pregnant Women at Northwest Amhara Referral Hospitals During COVID-19 Pandemic

Depression Among HIV-Positive Pregnant Women at Northwest Amhara Referral Hospitals During COVID-19 Pandemic

Mental Health of Pregnant Women during Covid-19: A Systematic Review Study

Prevalence of Perinatal Anxiety and Related Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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