Prevalence and knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors among young adults in Saudi Arabia

Alloubani, Aladeen; Nimer, Refat M.; Ayaad, Omar; Farhan, Fatima; Samara, Rama; Abdulhafiz, Ibrahim; Saleh, Abdulmonaem; Qashoua, Hamza; Akhu‐Zaheya, Laila

doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2022.100457

Cited by 1 publication

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…High central obesity had the highest odds of CVD, with more risks among females than males (3.3 odds vs. 2.38 odds) [7]. This was also reported by another study that included Saudi University students showing that hip-to-waist ratio and body mass index were associated with high risks of CVD [29]. One study that exclusively studied female university employees found high BMI to be a significant immediate risk factor (p<0.05) [23].…”

Section: Obesitysupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Similarly, five studies (three cross-sectional and two cohorts) reported that high cholesterol levels were associated with high risks of CVD [14,18,29,31,32]. The highest prevalence of high LDL cholesterol levels reported was 21.4%, with high triglyceride levels (31.3%) [29]. The PURE-Saudi study reported an unhealthy diet in 34.4% of adult Saudis with dyslipidemia in 32.1% [24].…”

Section: Unhealthy Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One was the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE-Saudi) study that found higher obesity rates in rural areas of Saudi Arabia [24]. Seven others included six cross-sectional studies [7,19,23,[28][29][30] conducted in different cities among patients at health facilities and the general population, one retrospective cohort including hypercholesterolemia patients, and one systematic literature review [18,26]. Most obese populations included women, and obesity rates were 49.6%-57%, with a high prevalence in the middle-aged population [18,24,30].…”

Section: Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study exploring metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors established that unhealthy junk food consumption increased risks for metabolic syndrome, increased serum cholesterol, and eventually higher exposure to CVD [27]. Similarly, five studies (three cross-sectional and two cohorts) reported that high cholesterol levels were associated with high risks of CVD [14,18,29,31,32]. The highest prevalence of high LDL cholesterol levels reported was 21.4%, with high triglyceride levels (31.3%) [29].…”

Section: Unhealthy Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies reported smoking as a CVD risk factor, along with other factors. These include one report [10], one cohort (PURE-Saudi) [24], and six cross-sectional studies conducted among different populations, including university students, nurses, primary healthcare and hospital patients, southern region residents, and Riyadh and Hail City residents [14,21,23,28,29,31]. Men were more likely to be current smokers [24].…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Lifestyle Changes on Cardiovascular Diseases in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Literature Review

Munawir Alhejely,

Shibli,

Hamed Almalki

et al. 2023

Cureus

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In Saudi Arabia, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has undergone tremendous socio-economic development and urbanization over the past few decades, which has profoundly changed the lifestyle leading to several risk factors that contribute to the high prevalence of CVD. This systematic review identified significant lifestyle factors associated with CVD risk in order to inform effective interventions to decrease the CVD burden in Saudi Arabia. We researched all published articles and reports evaluating CVD risk factors in Saudi Arabia in the last four years from the following databases: Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase. A total of 19 articles and 1 report were included. Physical inactivity was among 69.4% of the population, mostly among Saudi women, and was associated with 1.4-1.5 odds of CVD. Obesity prevalence was 49.6%-57% and was associated with more odds of CVD among women than men (3.3 odds vs. 2.38 odds). More than a third (34.4%) of the Saudi population studied ate unhealthy diets (rich in fat, poor in fibers, less vegetables and fruits, and ultra-processed), which was found to more than triple (almost quadruple) the CVD risks (OR=3.8). Smoking prevalence was 12.2%-26.2% and was more among men. Other factors, such as type 2 diabetes (OR=2.3) and stress (5.4%-16.9%), were also identified as factors.The prevalence of CVD lifestyle-related risk factors is still high in Saudi Arabia, especially physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity, and smoking, which highlights the urgent need for lifestyle modifications and public health campaigns and collaboration among the Saudi government and its partners to effectively improve cardiovascular health in Saudi Arabia.

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Section: Obesitysupporting

confidence: 55%