Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Metabolic Syndrome among Adults in China from 2015 to 2017

Abstract

The prevalence and influencing factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese residents aged 20 or older were investigated. The data were collected from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015–2017), which used a stratified, multistage, random sampling method. A total of 130,018 residents aged 20 years or older from 31 provinces were included in this study. The National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria were used to define MetS. The standardised prevalence of high waist circumference, high blood pressure and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were 40.8%, 49.4% and 41.1%, respectively. The following factors were associated with a higher prevalence of MetS: female [odds ratio (OR) = 1.773, 95% CI = 1.709–1.840]; older age (OR = 1.037, 95% CI = 1.036–1.039); living in north China (OR = 1.087, 95% CI = 1.058–1.117); high body mass index (OR = 1.402, 95% CI = 1.395–1.408); higher income [OR (95% CI): 1.044 (1.007–1.083), 1.083 (1.044–1.124) and 1.123 (1.078–1.170) for moderate, high, and very high income, respectively]; family history of hypertension (OR = 1.237, 95% CI = 1.203–1.273); family history of diabetes (OR = 1.491, 95% CI = 1.426–1.558) and current smoking status (OR = 1.143, 95% CI = 1.098–1.191). Living in the countryside (OR = 0.960, 95% CI = 0.932–0.988), moderate alcohol consumption (OR = 0.917, 95% CI = 0.889–0.946) and being physically active (OR = 0.887, 95% CI = 0.862–0.913) were associated with a lower prevalence of MetS. The prevalence of MetS among residents aged 20 years or older in China is increasing, especially among women, people aged 45 years or older and urban residents. Preventive efforts, such as quitting smoking and engaging in physical activity, are recommended to reduce the risk of MetS.

Nutrient-Derived Beneficial for Blood Pressure Dietary Pattern Associated with Hypertension Prevention and Control: Based on China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015–2017

“…(10) Smoke was divided into current smokers and non-smokers (including never smoked and already quit smoke). (11) Excessive alcohol drinking was divided into yes (equivalent to daily pure alcohol consumption over 25 g for males and 15 g for females) and no (for others) [ 46 ]. (12) Secondhand smoking was divided into yes (usually, being exposed to secondhand smoke more than half a week) and no (for others).…”

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“…Metabolic syndrome is a worldwide medical and public health concern [ 1 , 2 ]. It is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, not limited to increased waist circumference (WC), high systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high triglyceride (TG) levels, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) [ 3 ].…”

“…It has been estimated that global prevalence of metabolic syndrome is about 25% [ 5 ]. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 8.8% in 1991–1995, 29.3% in 2011–2015, and 31.1% in 2015–2017 in China [ 2 , 6 ]. It is associated with negative outcomes, including a high risk with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality [ 7 ].…”

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“…3 The prevalence of MetS has been consistently increasing due to the global increase in the consumption of high caloric food and sedentary habits, especially in Asian populations where the standardized prevalence of MetS is as high as 31.1%. 2,4,5 MetS is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Moreover, several studies also demonstrated that MetS was associated with liver fibrosis progression and liver cancer among patients with or without CHB.…”

“…Metabolic disorders are the main characteristic of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is a clustering of obesity (particularly central adiposity), raised blood pressure, dysglycemia, elevated triglyceride levels, and low high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels 3 . The prevalence of MetS has been consistently increasing due to the global increase in the consumption of high caloric food and sedentary habits, especially in Asian populations where the standardized prevalence of MetS is as high as 31.1% 2,4,5 . MetS is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).…”