Objective
To identify patient-care practices related to an increased prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among chronic hemodialysis patients.
Design
Survey
Setting
Chronic hemodialysis facilities in the United States
Participants
An equal probability two-stage cluster sampling was used to select 87 facilities from all Medicare-approved providers treating 30–150 patients; 53 facilities and 2933/3680 eligible patients agreed to participate.
Methods
Patients were tested for HCV antibody and HCV RNA. Data on patient-care practices were collected using direct observation.
Results
Overall prevalence of HCV infection was 9.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.2–11.6); only 2/294 HCV-positive patients were detected solely by HCV RNA. After adjusting for non-dialysis-related HCV risk factors, patient-care practices independently associated with higher prevalence of HCV infection included reusing priming receptacles without disinfection (odds ratio [OR] 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4–3.9), handling blood specimens adjacent to medications and clean supplies (OR 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3–3.6), and using mobile carts to deliver injectable medications (OR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0–2.8). Independently-related facility covariates were ≥10% patient HCV prevalence (OR 3.0; 95% CI, 1.8–5.2), patient-to-staff ratio ≥7-to-1 (OR 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4–4.1), and treatment duration ≥2 years (OR 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3–4.4).
Conclusions
This study provides the first epidemiologic evidence of associations between specific patient-care practices and higher HCV infection prevalence among hemodialysis patients. Staff should review practices to ensure that hemodialysis-specific infection control practices are being implemented, especially handling clean and contaminated items in separate areas, reusing items only if disinfected, and prohibiting mobile medication/clean supply carts within treatment areas.