Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among type 2 diabetes in Qassim: A descriptive cross-sectional study

Abstract

Objectives To assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression and to identify their associated risk factors among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods A cross-sectional, single-centre study that included 300 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus was conducted at The Diabetic Center of King Saud Hospital in the Qassim region. Anxiety and depression were measured by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Multivariable analysis using multiple logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of various factors associated with anxiety and depression, adjusting for confounding variables. Results Overall, 43.6% (95% CI: 37.9–49.3%) and 34.8% (95% CI: 29–40%) of the participants experienced anxiety and depression, respectively. Anxiety was more common among patients who had poor social support (OR 5.35, P 0.001). Anxiety was less common among retired people (OR 0.36, P 0.048) and those having diabetes for more than ten years (OR 0.39, P 0.006). In contrast, depression was more common among patients who had received moderate (OR 2.47, P 0.031) or low social support (OR 6.62, P 0.000) but less common among those having diabetes for more than ten years (OR 0.44, P 0.022). Conclusion This study showed that the prevalence of anxiety and depression is high among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These results should alert clinicians to identify and treat anxiety and depression as part of multidisciplinary diabetes care. Larger community-based studies are needed to identify the magnitude of these problems and their related factors.

Prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among patients with type II diabetes attending primary healthcare centers in the western region of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

“…Similar to two studies of Saudi patients with diabetes that examined anxiety in comparison to other mental health problems, anxiety was the most common form of psychological distress [25, 26]. The prevalence of anxiety in our sample is similar to that found among T2DM patients in the central region of Saudi Arabia (43.6%) but higher than the prevalence reported among patients in the northern parts of Saudi Arabia (28.5%) [25, 26].…”

“…This number was used to calculate the sample size needed for this study. Considering a 95% confidence interval (CI), a 5% margin of error, and a presumed prevalence of depression of 50% (based on data from the Alqassem region) [26], the minimum required sample size was calculated to be 375. Considering a 10% non-response rate, the final sample size was 450.…”

“…The prevalence of depression among T2DM patients ranged from 14.5 to 77.8%. Anxiety was reported in only two studies and was found to occur at a rate of 43.6% and 28% [25, 26].…”

Depression and Anxiety among Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal

“…Compared to other published studies, our finding is almost similar to the study in Pakistan which revealed 49.2% depression in patients with DM [ 8 ]. However, prevalence of depression is higher in our sample than that in the studies conducted in Jordan [ 25 ], South London King's College hospital [ 26 ], Palestine [ 27 ], Saudi Arabia [ 28 ], and North-Eastcoast Malaysia [ 29 ]. Similarly, a meta-analysis of 42 published studies held in the United States reported the prevalence of major depression among 11% of diabetic patients and the prevalence of clinically serious depression in 31% of patients [ 30 ].…”

Effect of Walking on Sand with Dietary Intervention in OverweightType 2 DiabetesMellitusPatients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…A recent cross-sectional study also demonstrated the cognitive effect of T2DM. The study concluded that there is a significant association between depression, anxiety, and T2DM [27].A study examines the relationship between the health-related quality of life and physical activity in T2DM. They found a negative correlation between the quality of life and the level of physical activity.…”