Prevalence and distribution of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes among HIV infected women in Lomé, Togo

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide, and it particularly affects people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HPV and to describe HPV genotypes in HIV-1 infected women in Lomé , Togo. From September 2014 to September 2015, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two treatment and care centers for people living with HIV: the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sylvanus Olympio and the non-profit organization 'Espoir Vie Togo'. Women living with HIV-1, aged 18 years and older, receiving a combination antiretroviral therapy for at least 12 months, and who gave their informed consent to participate in the study were recruited. Cervical swabs were collected using a cytobrush, and cells were stored in a preservative solution. HPV testing was performed using e-BRID equipment. Blood samples were collected for CD4+ count using a flow cytometer and for HIV viral load using polymerase chain reaction. A total of 221 HIV-1 infected women were enrolled. The prevalence of any type and oncogenic HPV was 22.2%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): [17.1-28.2] and 16.7% (95%CI: 12.3-22.3), respectively. The most prevalent genotypes were: 18 (8.6%), 68 (4.1%), and 62/81 (2.7%). Only 1.3% (3/221) of participants were infected with HPV16. In regression analysis, no factor was associated with HRHPV. Conclusion This study showed the diversity of circulating HPV genotypes in Togo. Programs of HPV vaccination and early detection of benign or precancerous lesions should be implemented to reduce cancer-related comorbidities.

Prevalence of HPV Among HIV-Negative Women of Child-Bearing Age in Lomé, Togo

“…In our study, two population groups aged 20-29 years (10.1%) and 40-49 years (13.7%) had higher prevalence of HPV. Similar findings, with both peaks of age, have been documented in other studies [11,17,19].…”

“…HR-HPV were more common among women aged 40-49 years (11.7%), living alone (9.7%) and with a university degree (10.1%). In Togo, high prevalence of HR-HPV has been previously reported in key populations, with 44% among men having sex with men, 32.9% among female sex workers and 16.7% in HIV-infected women [8,11,12].…”

“…People who are immunocompromised such as those living with HIV or who have coinfection with other sexually transmitted agents are also more likely to have persistent HPV infections and a more rapid progression to precancer and cancer [5,8,12]. In a previous study among HIV infected women, a prevalence of 22.2% was reported in Togo [11].…”

“…In Togo, cervical cancer is a public health problem and it is the second most common cancer in women [10], with an estimated mortality rate of 12.5% in 2018 in Togo [2]. Few data are available on circulating genotypes of HPV among key populations and women infected with HIV in the country [8,11,12]. However, no data are available on HPV prevalence in the general population, while Togo had received funding from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization to carry out a demonstration project for the administration of HPV vaccine, in two districts (Tchamba and Golfe) for 2 school years (2015-2016, 2017-2018).…”

Seroprevalence and Co-Infection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes Among HIV Positives

“…Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA-virus responsible for the most widespread Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) in the world (Nyasenu et al, 2019;Tartaglia et al, 2017). HPVs are subdivided into low and high risk according to their oncogenic potential.…”