Prevalence and correlates of seclusion and restraint use in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Abstract

Seclusion and restraint are frequent procedures to intervene in aggressive and potentially dangerous patients in psychiatric settings. However, little is known about their utilization and effectiveness in paediatric populations. We aimed to examine the prevalence and determinants of seclusion and restraint utilisation in children and adolescents in psychiatric settings. Using PubMed, PsychInfo and Cinahl, we performed a systematic literature review of studies published in the last 10 years reporting on the prevalence of seclusion and restraint use in psychiatrically ill youth (<21 years old) treated in psychiatric settings. Only seven publications addressed the topic. Primary outcomes were prevalence rates, reported either as the proportion of patients restrained/secluded or as the number of restraints/seclusions per number of patient days. All studies found relatively high baseline rates of seclusion (26% of patients; 67/1.000 patient days), and restraints (29% of patients; 42.7/1,000 patient days). In four studies an intervention, implemented to reduce seclusion and restraints, resulted in a dramatic weighted mean reduction in the more restrictive use of restraints by 93.2%, with a 54.2% shorter duration. There was a small, weighted mean reduction in the use of less restrictive seclusions (-0.6%), but results were heterogeneous (-97.2% to +71.0%), with the only increase in seclusions being reported in one study in which the intervention-based padded seclusion room was utilized more frequently instead of more restrictive measures.Otherwise, seclusion episodes reduced by 74.7%, including a 32.4%. shorter duration. Few studies reported on risk-factors and predictors, consisting of past or current aggression and/or violence, suicidal behaviour, more severe psychopathology, non-White ethnicity, emergency admissions, out-of-home placement, and poorer family functioning, while findings regarding age were inconsistent Except for duration, data about the effectiveness of seclusion and restraints were missing, although there is some indication that seclusion and restraints can lead to severe psychological and physical consequences. Future research should focus on indications, predictors, preventive and alternative strategies, as well as on clinical outcomes of seclusion and restraints in psychiatrically ill youth. In addition, there is a clear need for transparent policies and guidelines.

Characteristics of adolescents frequently restrained in acute psychiatric units in Norway: a nationwide study

“…Adult studies report substantial variability in the use of restraint between nations and hospitals [7–10]. Studies of restraint use in child and adolescent mental health services report relatively high rates, often at similar or higher levels compared to adult mental health services, and, again, the extent of the use varies considerably [11, 12]. One Finnish national study reported that about 40% of the adolescent inpatients had been restrained in some way during their admission [13].…”

Individual and organisational factors associated with the use of seclusion in disability services

“…It is used by disability and mental health services in Australia and many other developed countries mostly to control behaviours that are perceived to be harmful to others (Fryer, Beech, & Byrne, 2004). This practice continues despite a lack of evidence supporting its effectiveness (De Hert, Dirix, Demunter, & Correll, 2011). Evidence demonstrates that it contributes to sometimes significant negative physical and psychological effects (Palazzolo, 2004), and that its use on people with a disability is counter to current service values and places staff and people with a disability in a potentially unsafe situation (Sturmey, 2009).…”

Children's moral experiences of crisis management in a child mental health setting

“…The rates of restraints and seclusion are considered to be higher in children's mental health settings than in adult settings, despite the extent of the risks associated with using these practices, including trauma, physical injuries, and death (Hert et al . ; Lebel et al . ; Nunno et al .…”