Prevalence and Correlates of Prescription Stimulant Use, Misuse, Use Disorders, and Motivations for Misuse Among Adults in the United States

Compton, Wilson M.; Han, Beth; Blanco, Carlos; Johnson, Kimberly; Jones, Christopher M.

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17091048

Cited by 135 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…30,45,46,64,65,71 The only population-based estimate of NMU used data from the 2015-2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), finding that w5 million (2.1%) adults (18 years old) had engaged in stimulant NMU at least once in the past year. 2 Details from individual studies are provided online (Tables S1, S2, S3, and S4, available online).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Stimulant Nmu and Diversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Weight loss is also a motivation for NMU, with rates among US college populations ranging from 3.5% to 11.7%. 2,13,58,59 Among 448 US college-aged women who were either at risk for or who had an eating disorder, 17% reported that the primary reason for NMU was controlling their weight or body shape. 51…”

Section: Risk Factors and Motivations For Nmu Of Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…n the United States, methylphenidate (MPH) and amphetamine (AMP) prescriptions increased 35.5% from 2008 to 2012, 1 with the greatest rates of increase seen in adolescents and adults. Because they enhance alertness and concentration and induce euphoria, these stimulants are associated with abuse, misuse, and diversion 2 and are classified as Schedule II controlled substances. 3 In 2016, the number of individuals aged 12 years in the United States who reported initiating nonmedical use (NMU) of stimulants was 1.4 million, which was greater than the number of persons initiating methamphetamine and cocaine combined.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies

Faraone

Rostain

Montano³

et al. 2020

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

140

110

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Objective: To review all literature on the nonmedical use (NMU) and diversion of prescription stimulants to better understand the characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of NMU and to review risk-reduction strategies. Method: We systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and SCOPUS from inception to May 2018 for studies containing empirical data about NMU and diversion of prescription stimulants. Additional references identified by the authors were also assessed for inclusion. Results: A total of 111 studies met inclusion criteria. NMU and diversion of stimulants are highly prevalent; self-reported rates among population samples range from 2.1% to 58.7% and from 0.7% to 80.0%, respectively. A variety of terms are used to describe NMU, and most studies have examined college students. Although most NMU is oral, non-oral NMU also occurs. The majority of NMU is associated with no, or minor, medical effects; however, adverse medical outcomes, including death, occur in some individuals, particularly when administered by non-oral routes. Although academic and occupational performance enhancement are the most commonly cited motivations, there is little evidence that academic performance is improved by NMU in individuals without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Conclusion: NMU of stimulants is a significant public health problem, especially in college students, but variations in the terms used to describe NMU and inconsistencies in the available data limit a better understanding of this problem. Further research is needed to develop methods to detect NMU, identify individuals at greatest risk, study routes of administration, and devise educational and other interventions to help reduce occurrence of NMU. Colleges should consider including NMU in academic integrity policies.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Stimulant Nmu and Diversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Factors and Motivations For Nmu Of Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies

Faraone

Rostain

Montano³

et al. 2020

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

140

110

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“…The United States faces an opioid epidemic that has been declared a public health emergency by the United States Department of Health and Human Services [1]. In 2017, over 47,000 Americans died from opioid overdose [2], with rapid acceleration of deaths from potent opioids such as illicit fentanyl by over 540% from 2013 to 2016 [3]. Although the majority of opioid-related deaths can be attributed to illicit opioids, prescription opioids still contribute to almost 40% of overdose deaths [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic opioid use following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery for degenerative cervical pathology

et al. 2020

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“…Despite their demonstrated efficacy, prescription stimulants have high potential for nonmedical use (NMU) and are classified as Schedule II drugs under the Controlled Substances Act owing to the euphoric effects and enhanced alertness associated with their use (Clemow and Walker 2014;Romach et al 2014;Faraone et al 2015;Compton et al 2018). Prescription stimulant NMU is the use of prescription stimulants without a prescription or in a way that differs from how it was prescribed, including actions that can be considered either misuse or abuse (Center for Behavioral Health and Statistics and Quality 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of AR19, an Immediate-Release Amphetamine Sulfate Formulation Designed to Deter Manipulation for Administration Via Nonoral Routes: Bioequivalence to Reference Racemic Amphetamine Sulfate, Dose Proportionality, and Food Effect

Caras

Sharpe

2020

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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Objectives: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) of an investigational immediate-release amphetamine (AMP) sulfate formulation (AR19) designed to deter nonoral administration versus reference racemic amphetamine sulfate (RA-AMPH). We investigated AMP bioavailability from AR19, the effect of taking AR19 with food or sprinkling the capsules on food, and dose proportionality. Methods: Participants received AR19 (20 mg) or reference RA-AMPH (20 mg) (bioequivalence study) or AR19 5 or 30 mg (dose comparison study). Food effect study participants received AR19 (20 mg) as intact capsule while fasted or after highfat/-calorie meal, or as pellets sprinkled on applesauce or yogurt ( ‡6-day washout). Blood samples were analyzed for dextroamphetamine (d-AMP) and levoamphetamine (l-AMP) PK: C max , AUC last , AUC inf , k z , T ½ , and T max . Safety was assessed. Results: Bioequivalence, dose comparison, and food effect studies included 36, 24, and 36 participants. The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of C max , AUC last , and AUC inf for AR19 20 mg versus reference RA-AMPH or AR19 with intact capsule and meal or sprinkled AR19 pellets on food versus fasted were between 80% and 125%. Dose-normalized C max /D, AUC last /D, and AUC inf /D for AR19 5 versus 30 mg had CIs within 80%-125%. Meanstandard deviation (SD) T max was comparable for AMP (d-AMP; l-AMP) following AR19 20 mg (2.84 -1.05; 3.05 -1.22) versus reference RA-AMPH (2.52 -0.75; 2.75 -1.00), and AR19 5 mg (2.48 -0.57; 2.65 -0.65) versus AR19 30 mg (2.55 -0.56; 2.72 -0.65). Mean -SD T max for AMP (d-AMP; l-AMP) was higher with intact capsule and meal (5.59 -1.57; 5.59 -1.59) versus fasted (2.85 -0.76; 2.97 -0.79). No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: AR19 was bioequivalent to reference RA-AMPH. Bioavailability was similar at doses between 5 and 30 mg and was not impacted by meal consumption or sprinkling on food. AR19 at tested doses was well tolerated.

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Prevalence and Correlates of Prescription Stimulant Use, Misuse, Use Disorders, and Motivations for Misuse Among Adults in the United States

Cited by 135 publications

References 33 publications

Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies

Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies

Chronic opioid use following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery for degenerative cervical pathology

Pharmacokinetics of AR19, an Immediate-Release Amphetamine Sulfate Formulation Designed to Deter Manipulation for Administration Via Nonoral Routes: Bioequivalence to Reference Racemic Amphetamine Sulfate, Dose Proportionality, and Food Effect

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