Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among people who use drugs in Cambodia: a cross-sectional survey using respondent driven sampling method

Tuot, Sovannary; Mburu, Gitau; Mun, Phalkun; Chhoun, Pheak; Chann, Navy; Prem, Kiesha; Yi, Siyan

doi:10.1186/s12879-019-4154-5

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The finding of older age being associated with higher prevalence is similar to findings among other key populations in Cambodia [7, 28]. It is plausible that, as PWID continue to inject, they have more opportunities to acquire HIV [29].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection among people who inject drugs in Cambodia: findings from a national survey

Mburu

Chhoun²,

Chann

et al. 2019

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

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Background Globally, people who inject drugs (PWID) continue to be among the most vulnerable populations to acquire infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most recent national survey found that nearly a quarter of PWID in Cambodia were infected with HIV in 2012. The aim of this study is to estimate the current prevalence of and factors associated with HIV infection among PWID in Cambodia. Methods This national integrated biological and behavioral survey was conducted from June to December 2017. Participants were recruited from the capital city and 11 major provinces using the respondent driven sampling method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire, and blood samples were collected for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for HIV infection. All analyses were estimated with sampling weights that corrected for non-response and sample design. Results A total of 310 PWID participated in the study, and the mean age was 31.8 years (SD = 7.8). The prevalence of HIV was 15.2%. More than half (57.4%) of the HIV-positive participants were co-infected with HCV, and 44.7% were not aware of their HIV status prior to this study. After adjustment for other covariates, HIV infection remained positively associated with being female (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.03–4.04), being in the older age group of ≥35 (AOR = 2.99, 95% CI 1.33–9.22), being widowed, divorced or separated (AOR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.04–6.67), living on the streets (AOR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.24–4.37), and HCV infection (AOR = 3.89, 95% CI 1.86–1.15). The HIV infection remained negatively associated with having higher level of formal education of ≥10 years (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.13–0.83) and higher average income of ≥US$200 per month (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.05–0.74). Conclusions The prevalence of HIV among PWID in Cambodia remains high, but is reducing compared with the 24.8% reported in the 2012 national survey. Findings from this study provide critical information for tailoring interventions based on identified vulnerabilities and risk factors for HIV. Our findings underline the importance of socio-structural factors in HIV epidemiology among PWID in Cambodia, which require mitigation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection among people who inject drugs in Cambodia: findings from a national survey

Mburu

Chhoun²,

Chann

et al. 2019

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

Self Cite

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“…To be eligible for the survey, an individual must: (1) be at least 18 years old, (2) have a predetermined study coupon, (3) never participate in this survey earlier, (4) meet the de nition of people who use drugs, and (5) be able and willing to provide written informed consent to participate in the survey. Details of the survey have been published elsewhere [37][38][39].…”

Section: Eligibility Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and social determinants of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia

Saing

Prem

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: People who use drugs are at a disproportionately higher risk of mental disorders due to prolonged exposure to psychosocial challenges. However, studies on mental health among people who use drugs in resource-constrained countries are scarce. This study sheds light on the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia.Methods: We conducted this cross-sectional study in the capital city and 11 provinces in 2017. The Respondent Driven Sampling method was adapted to recruit 1677 people who used drugs for face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). A total score of GHQ-12>2 indicated high psychological distress. We performed a multiple logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with psychological distress. Results: We included 1598 participants in the analyses, with a mean age of 28.6 years (SD= 7.8). Of the total, 42% had high psychological distress – 50% in women and 37% in men. The adjusted odds of having high psychological distress were significantly higher among participants who were 25-34 years old and 35 years and above, had been to a drug rehabilitation center, had been insulted by family members, and had been sexually harassed/abused by someone when they were growing up. The odds of having high psychological distress were significantly lower among participants who were male, lived in their own dwelling, reported injecting as the mode of the first drug use, and had someone taking care of them when they got sick.Conclusions: This study documents a high prevalence of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia. Intervention programs that attempt to address mental health problems among people who use drugs in resource-limited settings should be gender- and age-sensitive and target more marginalized subpopulations. Mental health services can be integrated into HIV and harm-reduction programs for people who use drugs.

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“…To be eligible for the survey, participants must: (1) be at least 18 years old; (2) have a predetermined study coupon; (3) never participate in this survey earlier; (4) meet the de nition of people who use drugs; and (5) be able and willing to provide written informed consent to participate in the survey. Details of the main survey have been published elsewhere [37][38][39].…”

Section: Study Design Sites and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Distress and Its Associated Risks Among People Who Use Drugs in Cambodia

Saing

Prem

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: People who use drugs are at a disproportionately higher risk of mental disorders as a consequence of prolonged exposures to social and psychological issues. However, studies on mental health among people who use drugs in resource-constrained countries are scarce. This study sheds lights on the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia.Methods: This national survey was conducted in 12 provinces in 2017 using the Respondent Driven Sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used for face-to-face interviews. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). A total score of GHQ-12 > 2 indicated high psychological distress. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine factors associated with psychological distress.Results: This study included 1677 people who use drugs who had an average age of 28.6 years (SD = 7.8). Of the total sample, 41.9% had high psychological distress – 49.7% in women and 37.3% in men. In the regression model, the odds of having high psychological distress was significantly higher among participants who were 25–34 years old (AOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.01–1.70) and 35 years and above (AOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.19–2.35), had been to a drug rehabilitation center (AOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.48–2.86), had been insulted by family members (AOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.62–2.70), and had been sexually harassed/abused by someone (AOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.38–2.36). The odds of having high psychological distress was significantly lower among participants who were male (AOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.41–0.69), lived in own dwelling (AOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41–0.77), reported injecting as the mode of first drug use (AOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34–0.91), and had someone taking care of when getting sick when they were growing up (AOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.47–0.99).Conclusions: This study documents a high prevalence of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia. Older people who use drugs and those in more vulnerable subpopulations were more likely to exhibit a higher level of psychological distress. Interventions that attempt to address mental health issues among people who use drugs should be gender- and age-sensitive and target more marginalized subpopulations.

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Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among people who use drugs in Cambodia: a cross-sectional survey using respondent driven sampling method

Cited by 17 publications

References 30 publications

Prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection among people who inject drugs in Cambodia: findings from a national survey

Prevalence and risk factors of HIV infection among people who inject drugs in Cambodia: findings from a national survey

Prevalence and social determinants of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia

Psychological Distress and Its Associated Risks Among People Who Use Drugs in Cambodia

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