Prevalence and correlates of Helicobacter pylori infection among under-five children, adolescent and non-pregnant women in Nepal: Further analysis of Nepal national micronutrient status survey 2016

Abstract

Most of the Helicobacter pylori infections occur in developing countries. The risk factors for H. pylori infections are poverty, overcrowding, and unhygienic conditions, which are common problems in under-privileged countries such as Nepal. Despite having a high risk of H. pylori infections, no national level study has been conducted to assess prevalence and correlates of H. pylori infection in Nepal. Therefore, we hypothesized that micronutrients such as iron, vitamin B12 deficiency, socio-economic status, and nutritional status correlate with the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Nepal. We studied prevalence and correlates of H. pylori infection among under-five children, adolescents aged 10–19 years and married women of reproductive age (aged 20–49 years) using data from the Nepal National Micronutrient Status Survey 2016 (NNMSS-2016). H. pylori infection was examined in stool specimens of 6–59 months old children, and 20–49 years old non-pregnant women by using a rapid diagnostic kit while blood samples was used to assess the H. pylori infection among adolescent boys and girls. Prevalence of H. pylori infection was 18.2% among 6–59 months old children, 14% among adolescent boys and 16% among adolescent girls aged 10–19 years; and 40% among 20–49 years non-pregnant women. Poor socioeconomic status, crowding, and unhygienic condition were found to be positively associated with higher incidence of H. pylori infections. No significant correlation was observed between nutritional and micronutrients status (iron or risk of folate deficiency) and H. pylori infection. Findings from this study suggest that poverty-associated markers are primary contributors of H. pylori infections in Nepalese communities. To control acquisition and persistence of H. pylori infection in Nepal, we suggest improved management of safe drinking water and implementation of sanitation and hygiene programs, with a focus on those of lower socioeconomic status.

The global prevalence of and factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…We estimated that the prevalence of HPI in children decreased by one-third, from 39.0% before 2000 to 26.0% in 2010 and later, possibly due to improving states of social, economic, environmental and living conditions across world settings over this period, which has reflected in the better sanitation and decreased transmission over time. 16 HICs settings would largely account for this. In terms of regional variations, the highest prevalence of HPI among children were in the SEAR (48.6%), AFR (44.2%) and EMR (43.6%).…”

Detection of clarithromycin resistance and 23SrRNA point mutations in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori isolates: Phenotypic and molecular methods

“…The spread of H. pylori infection differs across the world depending on geographic area, race, sanitary conditions, and age ( Mehata et al, 2021 ). H. pylori infection is mainly acquired in one’s early years.…”

Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects

“…Compared with the total number of participants, male patients were found to be more H. pylori-positive [27]. A study conducted in Nepal reported that 18.2% of 6-to 59-month-old children, 14% of boys and 16% of girls aged 10-19 years, and 40% of non-pregnant women aged 20-49 years were infected with H. pylori [28].…”