Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in Individuals With and Without Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

OBJECTIVE -Depression is associated with poor glycemic control and complications in people with type 1 diabetes. We assessed the prevalence of depression and antidepressant medication use among adults with and without type 1 diabetes and the association between depression and diabetes complications. -In 2006, the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Study applied the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) to 458 participants with type 1 diabetes (47% male, aged 44 Ϯ 9 years, type 1 diabetes duration 29 Ϯ 9 years) and 546 participants without diabetes (nondiabetic group) (51% male, aged 47 Ϯ 9 years). Use of antidepressant medication was self-reported. Depression was defined as a BDI-II score Ͼ14 and/or use of antidepressant medication. Occurrence of diabetes complications (retinopathy, blindness, neuropathy, diabetes-related amputation, and kidney or pancreas transplantation) was self-reported. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSRESULTS -Mean BDI-II score, adjusted for age and sex, was significantly higher in participants with type 1 diabetes than in nondiabetic participants (least-squares mean Ϯ SE: 7.4 Ϯ 0.3 vs. 5.0 Ϯ 0.3; P Ͻ 0.0001). Type 1 diabetic participants reported using more antidepressant medications (20.7 vs. 12.1%, P ϭ 0.0003). More type 1 diabetic than nondiabetic participants were classified as depressed by BDI-II cut score (17.5 vs. 5.7%, P Ͻ 0.0001) or by either BDI-II cut score or antidepressant use (32.1 vs. 16.0%, P Ͻ 0.0001). Participants reporting diabetes complications (n ϭ 209) had higher mean BDI-II scores than those without complications (10.7 Ϯ 9.3 vs. 6.4 Ϯ 6.3, P Ͻ 0.0001).CONCLUSIONS -Compared with nondiabetic participants, adults with type 1 diabetes report more symptoms of depression and more antidepressant medication usage. Depression is highly prevalent in type 1 diabetes and requires further study on assessment and treatment. Diabetes Care 32:575-579, 2009

Socioeconomic factors, rather than diabetes mellitus per se, contribute to an excessive use of antidepressants among young adults with childhood onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a register-based study

“…Our prevalence data on AD prescription in the control group are similar to those recently published on AD use among Swedish 20-34 year olds [40] and our findings that a hospital diagnosis of depression was strongly associated with AD prescription supports the use of AD as a proxy for depression. Gendelman and co-workers [41] reported that 14.5% of type 1 diabetic men and 20.1% of type 1 diabetic women scored high enough on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) II to be classified as being at least mildly depressed, without being under treatment, compared with 3.6% of nondiabetic men and 7.8% of non-diabetic women. This may indicate that our study only captured the more severe cases.…”

Factors associated with depression and suicide among patients with diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension in a Nigerian teaching hospital

“…7 Depression has also been noted as a modifiable risk factor whose treatment could improve glycaemic control and health outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus. 10 A population-based mail survey study reported that independent factors that were associated with a significantly higher likelihood of meeting criteria for major depressive disorder among patients with diabetes mellitus included younger age, female sex, less education, single status, basal metabolic index > 30 kg/m2, smoking, higher non-diabetic medical co-morbidity, higher numbers of diabetes complications in men, treatment with insulin, and higher HbA1c levels in patients < 65 years of age.…”

Metabolic control and depression in type 1 diabetes mellitus

“…Эти результаты совпадают с данными опубликованных прежде работ, изучавших распростра-ненность ДП среди пациентов с СД1 [4][5][6]. В нашем иссле-довании, как и в большинстве аналогичных исследований, женский пол был ассоциирован с наличием ДП [7][8][9].…”