Prevalence and Clustering of Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors in China

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the Chinese population. Although general prevalence estimates of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) are available for Chinese adults, prevalence estimates covering all adult age groups by race/ethnicity have not been reported. The aim of this study is to estimate the current prevalence and clustering of major CVRFs in Chinese adults, including a plurality of ethnic minorities.A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a nationally representative sample of 23,010 adults aged 18 years and older from 2007 to 2011. Questionnaires and physical examinations were performed, and fasting blood was collected for laboratory measurements. The prevalence of traditional CVRFs, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, overweight, and current smoking, were determined.The prevalence of the major CVRFs, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, overweight, and current smoking were 24.3%, 4.3%, 49.3%, 32.0%, and 21.7%, respectively. These risk factors were significantly associated with sex, age, region, ethnicity, and education levels. Overall, 70.3%, 40.3%, and 16.7% of Chinese adults had ≥1, ≥2, or ≥3 CVRFs, respectively. Men, northern and rural residents were more likely to have clustered CVRFs compared with women, southern and urban residents, respectively. Compared with Han residents, Hui and Mongolian residents were more likely, and Tujia and Miao residents were less likely, to have ≥1, ≥2, or ≥3 risk factors. The prevalence of Chinese women having ≥1, ≥2, or ≥3 CVRFs decreased with increasing levels of education.The prevalence and clustering of CVRFs is still high in Chinese adults ≥18 years old, especially in men and in individuals living in the northern and rural areas. Of note, there are differences in cardiovascular risk among different ethnic groups. Therefore, targeted and enhanced intervention measures are required to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and the corresponding economic burden of disease in China.

Association of major cardiovascular risk factors, risk factor clustering with cardiovascular diseases from eastern China A population-based cross-sectional study

“…In addition, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia had possibly positively associations with the risk of CVDs, which was consistent with previous observations [7][8][9][10][11][12]. In China, the five leading risk factors were high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, high sodium intake, high FPG and high BMI as reported the 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study [4].…”

“…About 290 million individuals suffered from CVDs; in which 270 million had hypertension, 13 million were due to stroke, 11 million were attacked by CHD according to the 2016 report on cardiovascular diseases in China [6]. Since 2009, the CVDs mortality rate in rural areas has exceeded and consistently remained higher than that found in urban areas.CVDs were still the dominant cause of deaths among Chinese adults in 2015, which contributed to 42.6% and 45.0% of all deaths in urban and rural areas, respectively [6].The prevalence of major modifiable cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, overweight or obesity, dyslipidemia and tobacco use has been continuously increasing in China [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Moreover, it has been shown that CVD risk factors tend to cluster together in one individual [12][13][14][15].…”

“…Moreover, it has been shown that CVD risk factors tend to cluster together in one individual [12][13][14][15]. CVD risk factor clustering will increase the incidence of CVDs and all-cause mortality significantly than a single risk factor [10,11]. The more the risk factors, the higher the risk of developing CVD events.Stroke and CHD were ranked as the top two causes of deaths among Nanjing adults from the east of China since 2011 [16].…”

“…The prevalence of major modifiable cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, overweight or obesity, dyslipidemia and tobacco use has been continuously increasing in China [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Moreover, it has been shown that CVD risk factors tend to cluster together in one individual [12][13][14][15].…”

The Influence of Cytoflavin Therapy on the Cerebral Hemodynamics Condition in Patients with Various Stages of Hypertensive Disease

“…At present the diseases of the blood circulatory system, hypertension being one of them, occupy a considerable place in fatal outcome causes in a great number of economically developed countries of the world [1][2][3][4][5]. With age the incidence of this disease becomes high and by the age of 60 it affects 30-50% of the population [6].…”