Prevalence and clinical outcomes of Plasmodium falciparum and intestinal parasitic infections among children in Kiryandongo refugee camp, mid-Western Uganda: a cross sectional study

Abstract

Background The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Intestinal Parasitic Infections (IPIs) - with the corresponding pathogenesis among children remain uncertain. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and the outcomes (including anaemia) of the respective infections and co-infections. Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells transporting oxygen to the various body parts is not sufficient to meet the needs of the body. Methods This was a cross sectional study conducted among 476-refugee camp school children. Kato-Katz technique was used to screen stool samples for intestinal parasites. Microscopy was used for malaria testing while the portable Haemoglobin (Hb) calorimeter was used to measure haemoglobin concentration. Results The overall prevalence of the mixed infections was 63.03%. Plasmodium falciparum was most prevalent of the single infections 262(55.04%) followed by Taenia spp. 14 (2.9%), Schistosoma mansoni 12(2.5%), Giardia lamblia 7 (2.9%), Trichuris trichiura 2(0.4%), Hookworm 2(0.4%) and Strongyloides stercoralis 1(0.2%). The odds of developing simple or uncomplicated malaria infection or anaemia was 14 times higher in individuals with dual co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum + Taenia sp. compared to single parasitic infection (Odds = 14.13, P = 0.019). Co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum + Taenia spp, was a strong predictor of Malaria and anaemia. Conclusion This study shows that Plasmodium falciparum and Taenia spp. co-infections is a stronger predictor of malaria and anaemia. The prevalence of malaria and anaemia remains higher than the other regions in Uganda outside restricted settlements. The findings of this study underline the need for pragmatic intervention programmes to reduce burden of the co-infections in the study area and similar settlements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3939-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Intestinal parasitic infection among household contacts of primary cases, a comparative cross-sectional study

“…(Table 5) [20,21]. However, these results were higher than finding from Uganda (Prevalence of 55.04%) [22], and England (Prevalence of 30%) [23]. This might be due to the difference in living conditions.…”

The analysis of evolution in eradicating mortalities caused by infectious diseases in East and Central African Countries coinciding with gross national income

“…Moreover, it was the factor that gross national income compared first among participant countries, as enclosed in the target of SDGs and MDGs on each country for mortalities reduction, since infectious diseases highlighted to be an issue to concern, mostly TB, Malaria, and HIV/AIDS [36,37]. The socio-economic problem underlined to be the main roots of mortalities among the risked patients in underdeveloped and developing countries, especially for the poor farms living with poor management of their livestock production, engaging in hard forces that lead to high TB prevalence in 2017 among participant countries [13,[15][16][17][18]46]. TB among HIV-negative, Malaria, leprosy and neonates protected against tetanus data were mined in WHO database since they are the most prevalent in recent years and compared with GNI for showing the difference in evolution process of mortalities reduction instigated by infectious diseases in East African countries (Burundi, Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, and DRC).…”

“…The privileged data were recorded from 2004 until 2015. The persistence and occurrence of new cases from long-standing and new infectious diseases, besides some transported among all participant countries like TB among HIVnegative and Malaria [13,14] become frequently issues to investigate. Moreover, leprosy is national diseases although there are no recent studies showed its prevalence among participant countries except Global Leprosy Strategy 2016-2020 named Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world was based on strengthening government ownership to stop leprosy and its complication [47].…”

“…East and central African countries are belonging to the Sub-Sahara where socio-economics problems risen and caused by several issues, for example, every days' war, financial, poverty, etc. these problems provoke the cycles of diseases transmission among population through the massive migration or refuges from neighbors countries ( for example Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, South Sudan, and DRC) [13,14]. On the same hand, the significance of the economic impact on the livestock production sector is currently distributing tuberculosis, whereas TB prevalence increased with increasing people size and with farms having poor management of income [15][16][17][18].…”

Trichinella spiralis co-infection exacerbates Plasmodium berghei malaria-induced hepatopathy

“…In Uganda, P. falciparum and Taenia spp. co-infections constitute an important risk to anemia and malaria in the co-infected children [9]. It has been shown that heavy A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections were associated with high P. falciparum parasitaemia in a peri-urban community in Kwara State, Nigeria [10].…”