Prevalence and Clinical Forms of Malaria Among Febrile Hiv-Infected Children Seen at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Malaria and HIV infections are major health problems facing the world today. Sub-Saharan Africa with 10 percent of world's population harbors more than half the burden of the scourge. The present study determined the prevalence and clinical forms of malaria among febrile HIV-infected children aged 3months to 15years, seen in

A meta-analysis on the prevalence and characteristics of severe malaria in patients with Plasmodium spp. and HIV co-infection

“… Addissie et al (2007) 21 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2. Amodu-Sanni et al (2020) 22 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3. Berg et al (2014) 2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.…”

“…and HIV co-infection were analysed in the present study (Table 1 ). Of the 29 included studies, 28 (96.6%) were conducted in African countries: 6 (20.7%) in Malawi 27 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 44 ; 5 (17.2%) in Mozambique 2 , 23 , 24 , 30 , 40 ; 3 (10.30%) in Kenya 25 , 29 , 46 ; 2 (6.90%) each in Ghana 17 , 41 , Cameroon 38 , 39 , South Africa 15 , 42 and Ethiopia 21 , 26 and 1 (3.40%) each in Nigeria 22 , Zambia 28 , Gabon 32 , Uganda 43 , Congo 33 and Burundi 45 . The other study involved patients in France 36 .…”

“…Most of the included studies were cross-sectional studies (20/29, 69%) 2 , 17 , 21 – 27 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 35 , 37 – 42 , 45 , whereas two were prospective cohort studies 15 , 46 , four were case–control studies 28 , 31 , 34 , 43 , and one was retrospective study 36 . Most of the studies had included adults aged > 15 years 2 , 15 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 28 , 32 , 37 , 38 , 40 – 42 , 45 , children aged < 15 years (10/29, 34.5%) 22 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 43 , 44 , 46 and any age group 17 , 26 , 30 , 33 , 36 , 39 , respectively. Most participants at enrolment reflected patients with malaria (16/29, 55.2%) 15 , 21 , 24 , 25 , 27 – 31 , 33 – 37 , 43 , 45 , patients with HIV/AIDS 17 , 22 , 26 , 32 , 39 , 41 , with undefined 23 ...…”

“…Most of the studies had included adults aged > 15 years 2 , 15 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 28 , 32 , 37 , 38 , 40 – 42 , 45 , children aged < 15 years (10/29, 34.5%) 22 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 43 , 44 , 46 and any age group 17 , 26 , 30 , 33 , 36 , 39 , respectively. Most participants at enrolment reflected patients with malaria (16/29, 55.2%) 15 , 21 , 24 , 25 , 27 – 31 , 33 – 37 , 43 , 45 , patients with HIV/AIDS 17 , 22 , 26 , 32 , 39 , 41 , with undefined 23 , 38 , 40 , 46 febrile 2 , 42 and other conditions/diseases 44 . The most common diagnostic method for the detection of Plasmodium spp.…”

“… Addissie et al (2007) 21 Ethiopia (2003–2004) Cross-sectional study 15–34 Male (203), Female (104) 337 P. falciparum Severe 62 Prostration 18 Hyperparasitemia 17 Cerebral manifestations 16 Other 18 Recently diagnosed 323 ( P. falciparum ) Microscopy Severe malaria 52 Cerebral malaria 16, prostration 18, hyperparasitemia, and other complications (estimated 18) NA ELISA 14 ( P. falciparum ) Severe malaria 3 ( P. falciparum ) 2. Amodu-Sanni et al (2020) 22 Nigeria (2016) Cross-sectional study 3 months to 15 years Male (143), Female (137) 140 HIV positive, 140 HIV negative Undertreated 132 ( P. falciparum ) Microscopy Severe malaria 84 40 ELISA, PCR 100 ( P. falciparum ) Severe malaria 46 ( P. falciparum ) 3. Berg et al (2014) 2 Mozambique (2011–2012) Cross-sectional study 18–84 Male (142), Female (126) 212 adults with fever and/or suspected malaria, 56 healthy controls Recently diagnosed 61 ( P. falciparum ) Microscopy, RDT, PCR Severe malaria 24/52 Hypotension (1/52), Respiratory distress (3/52), Hyperpyrexia (6/50), GCS < 11 and/or convulsions (5/61), Bleeding disturbances and/or hemolysis (1/61), Jaundice (3/61) Severe anemia (3/55), Hypoglycaemia (0/47), Renal failure (3/46), Hyperparasitaemia (16/53) NA RDT, PCR 70 ( P. falciparum ) Severe malaria 55/66 ( P. falciparum ...…”