Prevalence and clinical correlates of Schistosoma mansoni co-infection among malaria infected patients, Northwest Ethiopia

Getie, Sisay; Wondimeneh, Yitayih; Getnet, Gebeyaw; Workineh, Meseret; Worku, Ligabaw; Kassu, Afework; Moges, Beyene

doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1468-2

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…We studied the changes of iNOS gene and its activity, which involved in the reaction of L-arginine decomposition into NO and L-citrulline. Endotoxin or cytokines, such as LPS and IFN-γ, can induce chicken macrophages to produce iNOS and further produce nitric oxide [25]. Our research shows that infection with C. psittaci can significantly decrease iNOS expression level and enzyme activity as well as NO concentration of HD11 cells by H9N2 infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…For example, in 1918, the human influenza virus pandemic, almost all cases of death were caused by bacteria mixed infection, and the study found that the addition of bacteria could greatly increase the risk of death [24]. Common infections of malaria and helminth are common in less developed countries [25]. In pig breeding industry, the mixed infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 virus is very serious in large-scale pig farms [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary Infection of Chlamydia psittaci Triggers Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing Functions of Chicken Macrophages

Chu¹,

Guo²,

Zhang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Simple Summary: Chlamydia psittaci, an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium and economically relevant pathogen in poultry and pet birds, could cause psittacosis/ornithosis, and is also a human pathogen causing atypical pneumonia after zoonotic transmission. H9N2 influenza virus, a low pathogenic avian influenza viruses subtype, has become endemic in different types of domestic poultry in lots of countries, resulting in great economic loss due to reduced egg production or high mortality associated with co-infection with other pathogens. These two pathogens are easily mixed with other pathogens to aggravate the disease, and C. psittaci and H9N2 often cause mixed infection. Co-infection of C. psittaci with H9N2 commonly induces severe pneumonia and high mortality in SPF chickens. According to previous studies, we postulated that C. psittaci infection may beneficial for the replication of H9N2 in HD11. Consequently, in this study, we clarify the pathogenic mechanism of coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 in the chicken macrophage cell line HD11, which is the first study of the coinfection of C. psittaci and H9N2 in vitro. Abstract:We investigated the effect regarding coinfection of C. psittaci and H9N2 on HD11 cells, expecting to find the potential pathogenesis of the coinfection induced airsacculitis. HD11 cells were infected with C. psittaci and/or H9N2 in different orders, and effects of the coinfection on iNOS expression and activity, NO synthesis, cell phagocytosis, and cytokines in HD11 cells were determined. Results showed that coinfection of C. psittaci and H9N2 significantly aggravated the mortality of HD11 cells compared to one pathogen alone. Furthermore, C. psittaci infection increased the replication of H9N2 in HD11 cells, whereas decreased the iNOS, enzyme activity, and NO of HD11 cells with H9N2 infection. Additionally, H9N2 also increased the pathogen loads of C. psittaci in HD11 cells. We also found that C. psittaci infection alone significantly decreased the phagocytosis of HD11 cells, compared to H9N2 alone. What's more, C. psittaci infection increased type Th2 cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 of HD11 cells with H9N2 infection. All the above data indicated that primary C. psittaci infection is able to aggravate H9N2 invasion by down-regulating functions of HD11 cells.Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 12 March 2020

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Infection of Chlamydia psittaci Triggers Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing Functions of Chicken Macrophages

Chu¹,

Guo²,

Zhang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Studies in older children (5–18 years old) indicate that the presence of multiple infections in endemic areas lead to significant morbidity, including anaemia and malnutrition and these are important in the formative years of PSAC [ 58 ]. Specific coinfection studies include malaria–schistosomiasis, where studies in SAC suggest that malaria severity is compounded by schistosome infection, and malaria treatment is more effective when schistosome infection is also treated [ 62 , 63 ]. To date, no detailed studies have been conducted on the fraction of malaria deaths in PSAC that are attributable to schistosome coinfection.…”

Section: Pathology and Morbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

Paediatric schistosomiasis: What we know and what we need to know

2018

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Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide, most of whom are children. Research and control strategies directed at preschool-aged children (PSAC), i.e., ≤5 years old, have lagged behind those in older children and adults. With the recent WHO revision of the schistosomiasis treatment guidelines to include PSAC, and the recognition of gaps in our current knowledge on the disease and its treatment in this age group, there is now a concerted effort to address these shortcomings. Global and national schistosome control strategies are yet to include PSAC in treatment schedules. Maximum impact of schistosome treatment programmes will be realised through effective treatment of PSAC. In this review, we (i) discuss the current knowledge on the dynamics and consequences of paediatric schistosomiasis and (ii) identify knowledge and policy gaps relevant to these areas and to the successful control of schistosome infection and disease in this age group. Herein, we highlight risk factors, immune mechanisms, pathology, and optimal timing for screening, diagnosis, and treatment of paediatric schistosomiasis. We also discuss the tools required for treating schistosomiasis in PSAC and strategies for accessing them for treatment.

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“…For example, in 1918, in the human influenza virus pandemic, almost all cases of death were caused by bacteria mixed infection, and the additional bacterial infection greatly increased the risk of death [25]. Moreover, the combination of malaria and helminth is prevalent in less-developed countries [26]. Hence, identifying the primary pathogen of the mixed infection has been underestimated due to limited investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydia psittaci Triggers the Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing the Functions of Chicken Macrophages

Chen

Guo

et al. 2020

Animals

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Simple Summary: Chlamydia psittaci, an obligate, intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium and economically relevant pathogen in poultry and pet bird, could cause psittacosis/ornithosis, and is also a human pathogen causing atypical pneumonia after zoonotic transmission. H9N2 influenza virus, a low pathogenic avian influenza viruses' subtype, has become endemic in different types of domestic poultry in lots of countries, resulting in great economic loss due to reduced egg production or high mortality associated with coinfection with other pathogens. These two pathogens are easily mixed with other pathogens to aggravate the disease, and often cause mixed infection in clinics. Co-infection of C. psittaci with H9N2 commonly induces severe pneumonia and high mortality in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. According to previous studies, we postulated that C. psittaci infection may beneficial for the replication of H9N2 in HD11. Consequently, in this study, we clarify the pathogenic mechanism of coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 in the chicken macrophage cell line HD11, which is the first study of the coinfection of C. psittaci and H9N2 in vitro.Abstract: In a pilot study, simultaneous infection with Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) and H9N2 virus induced 20% mortality and severe avian airsacculitis, shedding light on animal models of poultry respiratory diseases. However, the pathogenesis is still unclear. In the current study, we hypothesized that C. psittaci infection execrates macrophage function and facilitates H9N2 infection. To explore the potential mechanism, we studied the effect of C. psittaci and H9N2 on the functions of HD11 cells in vitro by simultaneous infection of C. psittaci and H9N2. At the same time, we used infection with C. psittaci or H9N2 alone as the control groups. The results showed that coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 could significantly aggravate the mortality of HD11 cells compared to C. psittaci or H9N2 infection alone. In addition, coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 did not induce high C. psittaci loads compared to C. psittaci infection alone at 12-and 24-hours post-inoculation (hpi), but coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 could increase the loads of H9N2 compared to H9N2 alone in HD11 cells at 12 hpi. More importantly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels, enzyme activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and phagocytosis were reduced significantly in the group with C. psittaci and H9N2 coinfection compared to those of H9N2 or C. psittaci alone at 24 hpi. Finally, C. psittaci infection induced robust expressions of type Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, while interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) displayed a significant decrease compared to H9N2 infection alone at 24 hpi. All the above data indicate that C. psittaci infection can facilitate H9N2 invasion and to aggravate severe avian airsacculitis by impairing macrophage functions.

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Prevalence and clinical correlates of Schistosoma mansoni co-infection among malaria infected patients, Northwest Ethiopia

Cited by 23 publications

References 27 publications

Primary Infection of Chlamydia psittaci Triggers Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing Functions of Chicken Macrophages

Primary Infection of Chlamydia psittaci Triggers Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing Functions of Chicken Macrophages

Paediatric schistosomiasis: What we know and what we need to know

Chlamydia psittaci Triggers the Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing the Functions of Chicken Macrophages

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