Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients

Abstract

Background:Cardiovascular disease risk factors have a tendency to cluster. The presence of such a cluster in an individual has been designated the metabolic syndrome (MetS). There is a paucity of reports of the prevalence of MetS in hypertensive patients in south east Nigeria. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria in a tertiary healthcare centre in South East Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A population of 250 consecutive newly diagnosed adult hypertensive patients (126 males and 124 females) was evaluated. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were done using standardized techniques. After an overnight fast, blood samples were taken for glucose and lipid profile assays. The NCEP ATP III criteria were then applied for the diagnosis of MetS.Results:The prevalence of the MetS among the study population was 31.2%. The sex-specific prevalences were 15.1% and 47.6% among male and female patients respectively. A large number of the patients (40.4%) were at a high potential risk of developing the MetS as they already met 2 of the criteria. The MetS prevalence increased progressively from 14.3% through 23.8%, in the patients aged 24-33years and 34-43 years, respectively to a peak (40.4%) among those aged 44-53 years before declining in those aged 54-63 years (31.8%), 64-73 years (33.3%) and 74 years and above (20.6%). Central obesity was the most common component of the MetS being present in 50.4% of patients (28.6% of males and 72.6% of females). Of the other components, low HDL-C was present in 38.8% (26.2% of males and 51.6% of females), elevated FBS in 12.8% (6.3% of males and 19.4% of females) and elevated triglycerides in 8.8% (11.9% of males and 5.6% of females).Conclusion:The prevalence of the MetS is high among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients in Nnewi South East Nigeria. This underscores the importance of routine screening of hypertensive patients for other cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Risk factors of metabolic syndrome among hypertensive patients at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia

“…It is comparable with the prevalence reported from Nigeria, 54% [20] and other two studies of China, 52.3% [12] and 56.4% [25]. However, it is higher than the prevalence reported from Abuja state in the Nigeria, which was 38.9% [22]. The differences may be attributed to the reality that only newly identified hypertensive individuals were involved in the Nigerian study.…”

Review: Metabolic Syndrome in Black South African Women

“…During the apartheid era, the Black majority were predominantly in the lower socioeconomic stratum and have historically been marginalized with limited access to education, [7][8][9] in females (Table 2), while in South Asians living in South Africa the prevalence is higher in males compared with females (Table 4). 34 In European countries the prevalence of MetS differs little between sex (Table 1), while in Australia a large population study showed a much higher prevalence in males than females (Table 1), 15 a pattern also observed from studies in South Korea 17 and Turkey (Table 2).…”

“…When compared with rural Black African populations, an estimated 13.6% more women present with MetS in the urban setting, 3 which may be due to the higher prevalence of obesity associated with the urban environment. [7][8][9] Most of the studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa on the epidemiology and etiology of MetS have occurred in South Africa, and this country, like the rest of Africa is progressing through a nutrition transition with rising levels of obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCD). 35 Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative systematic review was to describe the epidemiology of MetS across Africa and to review data from South Africa on the demographic, behavioral and physiological factors that contribute to the development of MetS as these may be applicable to other African countries.…”

High Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity Increases the Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome in Nigerian Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Using the International Diabetes Federation Worldwide Definition

“…[25][26][27][28][29] Thus, it is of great concern that about 98% of the female patients had abdominal obesity; this gender constitutes the majority in the group of the abdominally obese patients that had a higher cluster of the components of the metabolic syndrome. The implication of this finding is that more of the female patients (than the males) now have increased risk of CVD due to inappropriate body fat distribution.…”

“…However, after reviewing all the definitions from the WHO, EGIR, and NCEP ATP III, [22][23][24] the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) came out with a new worldwide definition for the metabolic syndrome that placed abdominal obesity as central to the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. 21 Although several Nigerian studies have reported on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and some of its components, [25][26][27][28][29] none has addressed the central role of abdominal obesity in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in this population. Given that several Nigerian studies have identified abdominal obesity in both adults and children in this population, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] this study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of the components of the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using the IDF worldwide definition that was based on abdominal obesity.…”