Prevalence and awareness of chronic kidney disease among adult diabetic outpatients in Northeast Ethiopia

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious complication of diabetes associated with adverse outcomes of renal failure, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Despite this, data regarding the burden and awareness of CKD among adults with diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa countries are lacking. The aim of this study was, therefore to determine the prevalence and awareness of CKD among diabetic outpatients attending a hospital in Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 323 diabetic adults at the diabetes clinic of a hospital in Northeast Ethiopia, from February 1 to July 30, 2016. Each patient provided a blood sample for serum creatinine and urine for albuminuria. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 and/or albuminuria. Awareness was defined as a positive response to "Has a doctor or other health care professional ever told you that you had kidney disease?" Results: Of the 323 patients, 85 (26.3%) had Stage 1-5 CKD, 42 (13.0%) had eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m 2 and 58 (18.0%) had albuminuria. In patients with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m 2 (stage 3-5 CKD), serum creatinine was abnormal (> 1.5 mg/dl) in 23.5% and albuminuria was absent in 31.8%. Of the patients with CKD, only 10.6% of them were aware of their CKD. The proportion of patients who were aware of their disease increased with worsening of CKD stages, from 3.4% of with stage 1 to 75.0% with stage 4. Awareness for all individuals with advanced stages of CKD was only 11.9%. Having albuminuria, high serum creatinine, a family history of kidney disease and being obese were significantly associated with CKD awareness. Conclusion: A high prevalence but low awareness of CKD was found in diabetic outpatients attending our clinic in Northeast Ethiopia. Our results highlight the need for more diagnostic strategies for CKD screening among diabetic adults and primary care education on the impact of detecting CKD in the early stage to prevent adverse outcomes and improve diabetes care.

Chronic Kidney Disease among Diabetes Patients in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Of these, 11 studies were used to estimate the pooled prevalence of CKD among diabetic patients. To estimate the pooled prevalence of CKD stages 1 to 5 among diabetes patients, seven studies [ 31 , 48 – 53 ] were included. On the other hand, to estimate the pooled prevalence of CKD stages 3 to 5, ten studies [ 31 , 48 , 50 – 57 ] were included.…”

“…The number of study participants per study ranged from 189 to 700. The included studies applied various estimators of GFR; four of the studies [ 48 , 55 – 57 ] used the CG formula in estimating GFR, four studies [ 31 , 50 , 51 , 53 ] used the MDRD, and two studies [ 52 , 54 ] used the CKD-EPI creatinine equation. The prevalence of CKD in patients with DM was obtained from various regions in Ethiopia; four studies were from Amhara [ 50 , 51 , 53 ], three from Addis Ababa [ 55 – 57 ], three from Oromia [ 48 , 49 , 52 ], one each from Tigray [ 58 ] and SNNPR [ 31 ].…”

“…The included studies applied various estimators of GFR; four of the studies [ 48 , 55 – 57 ] used the CG formula in estimating GFR, four studies [ 31 , 50 , 51 , 53 ] used the MDRD, and two studies [ 52 , 54 ] used the CKD-EPI creatinine equation. The prevalence of CKD in patients with DM was obtained from various regions in Ethiopia; four studies were from Amhara [ 50 , 51 , 53 ], three from Addis Ababa [ 55 – 57 ], three from Oromia [ 48 , 49 , 52 ], one each from Tigray [ 58 ] and SNNPR [ 31 ]. With regard to the sampling technique, four studies [ 50 , 51 , 53 , 56 ] used systematic random sampling, three studies [ 31 , 57 , 58 ] used simple random sampling, two studies [ 52 , 54 ] used convenience sampling, and three studies [ 48 , 49 , 55 ] used the census sampling method.…”

“…The prevalence of CKD in patients with DM was obtained from various regions in Ethiopia; four studies were from Amhara [ 50 , 51 , 53 ], three from Addis Ababa [ 55 – 57 ], three from Oromia [ 48 , 49 , 52 ], one each from Tigray [ 58 ] and SNNPR [ 31 ]. With regard to the sampling technique, four studies [ 50 , 51 , 53 , 56 ] used systematic random sampling, three studies [ 31 , 57 , 58 ] used simple random sampling, two studies [ 52 , 54 ] used convenience sampling, and three studies [ 48 , 49 , 55 ] used the census sampling method. The quality score of the included studies was assessed based on the Newcastle–Ottawa quality score ( Table 2 ).…”

Quantitative Urinary Proteome Reveals Potential Biomarkers for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

“…Protein AMBP (synonyms: ITILC), which can be cleaved into alpha‐1‐microglobulin(A1M) and other chains, can present in various body fluids . In the healthy kidney, A1M passes freely through the glomerular membranes, and about 99% is reabsorbed and catabolized by the proximal tubular cells . A1M is a well‐established early marker of proximal tubular damage and its excretion has been successfully used in the diagnosis of various types of renal tubular disease .…”