Prevalence and Associated Factors with Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics in Bangladesh: Analysis of the Nationally Representative STEPS 2018 Survey

Abstract

This study aims to find out the prevalence of the American Heart Association’s (AHA)’s cardiovascular health metrics and associated socio-demographic factors. A secondary analysis of the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to surveillance survey 2018 (STEPS 2018) data was conducted. Ideal Cardiovascular Health (ICH) was defined as the presence of 5–7 ideal metrics as defined by the AHA. Design-adjusted multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the associated factors of ICH. In total, 5930 respondents were included in our analysis, and 43.1% of the participants had ICH. The odds of ICH decreased with age [compared to 18–29 years old individuals, 30–49 years: AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio): 0.4; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.4–0.5; 50–69 years: AOR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6–0.8], and higher educational attainment (compared to those who received no formal education, being educated up to primary level: AOR:0.7; 95% CI: 0.6–0.8; being educated up to secondary level: AOR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.4–0.5; being educated up to college and higher: AOR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.3–0.5). Compared with female and urban residents, the odds were 30% and 40% less among male and rural residents, respectively. The public health promotion programs of Bangladesh should raise awareness among high-risk groups to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Low Prevalence of Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics in Nigerians: a cross sectional study

“…These are somewhat comparable to our overall results. The prevalence of ideal blood pressure of 31.5% in our cohort is lower than gures from Peru (51%) Marshall Islands (46.7%) and Malawi (46.9%) [28,32,40], but comparable to prevalence rates from Bangladesh (29.3%), Nepal (26.3%), Uganda (37%), China (32.3%) and 29.9% (Urban male dwelling Ghanaians) [30][31][32][33][42][43]. The relatively low prevalence of ideal BP in our cohort might be an indirect re ection of the high burden of hypertension in Nigeria characterized by high prevalence of low awareness, high burden of undiagnosed and poor control [5,44].…”

“…The relatively low prevalence of ideal BP in our cohort might be an indirect re ection of the high burden of hypertension in Nigeria characterized by high prevalence of low awareness, high burden of undiagnosed and poor control [5,44]. The prevalence of ideal diet is globally low according to published literature and our nding of 6.1% aligns with this global trend [28][29][30][31][32][33][40][41][42]. This global trend might be attributable to the twin problems of availability and affordability of fruits and vegetables remotely due to urbanization where arable farmlands have been converted for physical urban development [34,45].…”

Comparison of Cardiovascular Health Profiles Across Population Surveys From 5 High- to Low-Income Countries

“…Previous analysis conducted in Bangladesh, also using the 2018 STEPS survey, showed that 43% of adults had at least 5 of the LS7 metrics at ideal levels, 36 corresponding to twice the level reported in US adults (17%-18%) using the same approach. 32 , 33 Although we did not find quite this magnitude of difference, possibly because diet was not evaluated, we did observe that Bangladesh had a higher total CVH score than the US, using either 6 or 5 metrics, and a higher score on each CVH metric individually, with the exception of smoking, with Bangladesh having the highest proportion of current smokers (24%).…”

Comparison of cardiovascular health profiles across population surveys from five high- to low-income countries

“…This is consistent with previous NHANES analysis showing 56% overweight/obese in 1998-94, increasing to 68% in 2005-10. 4 Previous analysis conducted in Bangladesh, also using the 2018 STEPS survey, showed 43% of adults had at least 5 of the LS7 metrics at ideal levels, 36 corresponding to twice the level reported in US adults (17-18%) using the same approach. 32,33 While we did not find quite this magnitude of difference, possibly as diet was not evaluated, we did observe Bangladesh scored higher than the US on total CVH score using either six or five metrics, and on each CVH metric individually with the exception of smoking, where Bangladesh had the highest proportion of current smokers (24%).…”