Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension among Nepalese Civil Servants

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is one of the major global emerging health problems in this industrial world. Prevalence of is increasing daily. Overall awareness and modifying one's lifestyle could be beneficial to the reduction of hypertension.Majority of the hypertension cases are found in the developing countries. South Asian countries such as India, Bangladesh and Nepal have a higher risk of hypertension which is rapidly increasing. Methods:Analytical cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among civil servants in a Nepalese federal state. Structured questionnaire was used and face to face interview were carried out by the researcher himself. Blood Pressure (BP) was measured and hypertension was categorized, height and weight was measurements to attain the Body Mass Index (BMI). The participants were exclusively selected 247 (F= 68, M=179) civil servants who are working in Nepalese federal state number 5. Chi-square test has been carried out for comparing proportions in categorical variables. Logistic regression has been used to find out the adjusted odds ratio. All difference has been considered statistically significant at the p <0.05 level.Results: Study found 27.9% prevalence of hypertension (F= 8.8 %, M = 35.2%) with statistically significance with alcohol consumption (p = 0.024), known diabetes (p = 0.026). According to the logistic regression model result of the study, physical activity (p = 0.218) and its intensity (p = 0.368) with hypertension is not statistically significant. Similarly smoking also has not statistical significance with hypertension (p = 0.121). Study shows amount of salt intake in a day (<5gm=13.8%, >5-<10 gm. =51.4% and >10 gm. = 34.8%) that is higher amount than World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation (<5 gm.). Mohammad Delwer HH, et al. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension among Nepalese Civil Servants. Med J Clin Trials Case Stud 2018, 2(5): 000179. Copyright© Mohammad Delwer HH, et al. 2Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension is higher among civil servant than ordinary people. Alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus and age has significant association with hypertension among Nepalese civil servant.

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“…Furthermore, the association between the family of diabetes mellitus and hypertension was identified using nine studies [22,23,29,32,33,48,55,56,59]; among them, four studies [22,23,48,59] showed that there is no statistically significant association between family history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The random effects model estimate showed that statistically significant heterogeneity between studies (I 2 = 89.9%, P-value < 0.001) and Egger's test…”

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“…Overall, a total number of 51,427 study participants who are older than 18 years included for this review. The minimum and maximum sample sizes were 306 and 9788 respectively [22,23]. A minimum of (7.47%) and maximum of (41.90%) prevalence of hypertension were reported from the studies conducted in the Oromia region [24,25].…”

“…Five regions and two city administrations (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) were represented for this review. Seven from Amhara Region [26][27][28][29][30][31][32], eight from Oromia Region [24,25,[33][34][35][36][37][38], six from South National and Nationalities of People's Region (SNNPR) [22,[39][40][41][42][43], four from Tigray Region [44][45][46][47], three from Somali Region [48][49][50], eight from Addis Ababa [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58], two from Dire Dawa [37] and one national study in Ethiopia [23] were included. No studies reviewed from Gambela, Afar, Benishangul Gumez, and Harari Regional states of Ethiopia ( Table 1).…”

“…Fifteen [22,24,26,28,30,31,33,41,43,46,48,51,52,54,59] studies were included to identify the association between sex and hypertension. Five of these studies [22,26,28,33,59] had no statistically significant association between sex and hypertension. From random effects model estimate, the pooled odds of developing hypertension among males were 29% more likely to develop hypertension than females (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.61); with statistically significant heterogeneity between studies (I 2 = 81.3%, P-value < 0.001) ( Fig 6).…”

“…The pooled effects between khat chewing and hypertension was assessed using ten studies [22,24,33,35,36,46,48,49,55,57]. Among the included studies, six [22,24,33,36,38,48] of them reported that khat chewing has not a statistically significant association with hypertension. Based on Egger's test there was no publication bias (P-value = 0.498).…”