Prevalence and associated factors of foot ulcer among diabetic patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Diabetes and its complications including foot ulcer constitute a global public health challenge attributing to a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Foot ulcer is one of the long-term complication of diabetes mellitus which lead to infection and amputation of lower extremities. In Ethiopia, findings from few studies were inconsistent and there is a need to systematically pool existing data to determine the magnitude of foot ulcer in diabetics and factors contributing to it. Methods: We identified articles through electronic databases such as Medline, Hinari, Pub Med, Cochrane library, the Web of Science and Google Scholar. Accordingly, we identified 95 published and one unpublished article. Finally, eleven studies which fullfilled eligibility criteria were included in final systematic review and meta-analysis. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction checklist and the analyses were conducted using STATA version 14. The Cochrane Q test statistic and I 2 tests were used to assess heterogeneity. Results: The overall magnitude of foot ulcer was 12.98% (95%CI: 7.81-18.15) in diabetic patients in Ethiopia. Subgroup analyses revealed highest prevalence in Addis Ababa (19.31% (95%CI: 2.7. 41.37)). Foot ulcer was significantly associated with rural residence (OR = 2.72, 95%, CI: 1.84-4.01)), presence of callus on the feet ((OR = 12.67, 95%, CI: 6.47-24.79)), a body mass index of ≥24.5 ((OR = 2.68, 95%, CI: 1.58-4.56)), poor self-care practice ((OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.25-1.73)), type I diabetes mellitus ((OR = 0.42, 95%, CI: 0.22-0.79)), staying with DM for < 10 years ((OR = 0.23, 95%, CI: 0.11-0.50)), and age < 45 years ((OR = 0.44, 95%, CI: 0.21-0.92)). Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers in Ethiopia is relatively low, although its trend is increasing from time to time. Socio-demographic factors, body weight, and healthcare practice contribute to the development of diabetic foot ulcers. Appropriate interventions towards patient self-care practice, lifestyle modification and follow-up are wanted to prevent diabetic foot ulcers.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria from diabetic foot ulcer: amputation, antibiotic resistance and mortality rate

“…The risk of developing an ulcer increases with peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, insulin use, retinopathy, nephropathy, age 45 years, cerebral vascular disease, and poor glycemic control. Increasing cumulative glycemic burden, coronary artery disease, male gender, smoking, and hypertension are all present in these patients [7][8][9][10].…”

Study to Determine the Complications and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer

“…The more drawn out the term of DM, the more noteworthy the possibility that DFUs will be of non-treatment impact. This is like the aftereffects of an Indian investigation that found a reasonable and huge connection between diabetic foot inconveniences and the level of glycemic control [14][15]. Poor glycemic control is a significant hazard factor for creating diabetic complexities.…”

Nurses’ knowledge and attitude towards diabetes foot care in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia

“…It was 6.3 % (3–13%) globally, 5.5% in Asia, 5.1% in Europe [ 9 ] and 13.0% (4–54%) in Africa [ 10 ]. In Ethiopia, the overall prevalence of DFU was 12.98 % [ 11 ] which was ranged from 12% to 31.1% [ 12 , 13 ]. DFU is responsible for lower extremities amputation in 85 % of individuals with diabetes, leading to high-cost hospital care and increase mortality risk largely [ 3 , 8 ].…”