Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial uropathogens among adult patients in Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered one of the most prevalent infections that may lead to many renal complications. They account for almost 10% of all infections in Saudi Arabia, making them the second most common cause of emergency department admissions. Bacterial pathogens, primarily Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., Proteus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. are the most causative agents of UTI. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens in adult patients from Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using data collected from patients who visited King Fahad General Hospital in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Data included 16,803 urine bacterial cultures and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles collected between January 2019 and October 2021. Results Among the 16,803 tested samples, 3937 (23.4%) showed positive results for urine bacterial cultures. UTI prevalence was slightly higher in women (52.1%) than men (47.9%). Escherichia coli (29.8%) was the most prevalent, followed by Klebsiella spp. (23.2%) and Pseudomonas spp. (8.4%). As for Gram-positive bacteria, Enterococcus spp. (10.8%) were most common, followed by Streptococcus spp. (8%) and Staphylococcus spp. (3.3%). Gram-negative bacteria exhibited high resistance rates toward aztreonam (> 83.3%), ampicillin (78.8%), and cephalexin (68.5%). Enterococcus spp. displayed elevated resistance rates (> 62.3%) against ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Conversely, Streptococcus spp. showed substantial resistance rates (> 76.6%) toward colistin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Conclusion To optimize therapy and minimize the risk of multidrug-resistant uropathogenic infections, physicians should consider the local epidemiological trends and antimicrobial resistance patterns of prevalent uropathogens prior to initiating any empirical antibacterial therapy.

Gram-Negative Bacteria in Some Clinical Specimens and their Antibiotics Resistance Profiles, Sana’a, Yemen

“…In addition, several studies conducted in Yemen supported this data [32][33]. Previous studies have indicated that gramnegative bacteria are responsible for approximately 90% of UTI cases, whereas gram-positive bacteria account for only 10% of cases [34]. Approximately 150 million people worldwide are a icted with urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are among the most widespread microbiological illnesses associated with hospitals and communities [35].…”

“…These data demonstrated that the highest resistance rate of P. aeruginosa isolates was observed for nor oxacin and imipenem, corresponding to 88.46% in each case, and the last administered antibiotics showed moderate resistance. The resistance of P. aeruginosa to imipenem has been observed in more than 60% of similar studies [23,34]. Additionally, P. aeruginosa showed resistance rates of 50%, 63%, and 75% to meropenem, nor oxacin, and o oxacin, respectively [24] Furthermore, the highest resistance rate of the Enterobacter sp.…”

“…These results are consistent with those of earlier studies that reported resistance rates to these antibiotics ranging from 70-90%. Almutawif et al [34] found that over 50% of isolated E. coli strains were resistant to 10 of the 18 tested antibiotics. In contrast, at rates of 92.3% and 89.4%, E. coli was extremely susceptible to imipenem and meropenem, respectively.…”

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Patterns of Uropathogens in Wad Medani, Sudan: A Three Years, Cross-Sectional Study

“…22 However, a study conducted in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, revealed that the most sensitive drugs were vancomycin, nitroxoline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while the most resistant drugs were penicillin and ampicillin. 24 This difference might be related to the difference in study patients and geographic region, in addition to the availability of antimicrobial agents tested, given that some drugs, such as vancomycin and gentamycin, were not included in this study because they were tested in less than 20% of GPB.…”

“…23 Furthermore, a study conducted in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, showed that the percentage of female patients 52.1% was slightly higher than that of male patients 47.9%. 24 It is commonly recognized that women are more likely to develop UTIs because of the anatomical and physiological features of the urinary tract. 25 In our study, there was a progressive increase in the incidence of positive urine culture with female age during the entire study period.…”